Abstract
Watermelon is a crop highly dependent on bees for pollination, and environmental conditions are some of the most important factors affecting bee foraging. In this study, we analyze the effect of environmental conditions on the behavior of the most common bees visiting flowers of watermelon crops in Panama. We recorded the number of visits, visit duration, and the corresponding environmental conditions during the visits. Environmental conditions affected the observed groups of bees differently: honey bee visit proportion was remarkably higher at low temperatures, solar radiation, wind speed, and high relative humidity, early in the morning when they made about 90% of their flower visits. The other observed bees showed a more homogenous behavior during the day, with peaks representing about 25-35% of the daily visits. Visit number showed a correlation with temperature for all the most common bees except Augochloropsis spp., with solar radiation for A. mellifera and Lasioglossum spp., with humidity for all except Lasioglossum spp., and with wind speed for all of the analyzed bees. Visit durations were remarkably longer in N. perilampoides early on the day. At the same time, the rest of the bees showed less pronounced duration peaks, reaching their maximum at intermediate values of environmental conditions. Visit duration on honeybees did not correlate with environmental factors, but it did for most other bees. Environmental conditions showed a strong effect on the bee foraging behavior, with each group of bees concentrating their activities in favorable conditions depending on their biology, establishing their daily foraging patterns.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Honey bee visitation was concentrated early in the morning under low temperature, radiation and wind, and high humidity, accounting for about 90% of visits.
- Taxon
- honey bee
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=60)
Apis melliferae0 - Outcome
- visit proportione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 90%e0
- Qualifier
- low temperatures, solar radiation, wind speed, and high relative humiditye0
- Setting
- early in the morninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“honey bee visit proportion was remarkably higher at low temperatures, solar radiation, wind speed, and high relative humidity, early in the morning when they made about 90% of their flower visits”
Claim · model-written summary
Other observed bees had more uniform daily visitation, with peaks of about 25–35% of daily visits.
Verbatim
e0“The other observed bees showed a more homogenous behavior during the day, with peaks representing about 25-35% of the daily visits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Visit number correlated with temperature for common bees other than Augochloropsis spp.
Not reportedSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“Visit number showed a correlation with temperature for all the most common bees except Augochloropsis spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Visit number correlated with solar radiation for A. mellifera.
Not reportedSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“with solar radiation for A. mellifera and Lasioglossum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Visit number correlated with solar radiation for Lasioglossum spp.
- Taxon
- Lasioglossum spp.
Lasioglossume0 - Outcome
- solar radiatione0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with solar radiation for A. mellifera and Lasioglossum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Visit number correlated with humidity for common bees other than Lasioglossum spp.
Not reportedSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“with humidity for all except Lasioglossum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Visit number correlated with wind speed for all analyzed bees.
Not reportedSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“with wind speed for all of the analyzed bees”
Claim · model-written summary
N. perilampoides visits lasted longer early in the day.
Verbatim
e0“Visit durations were remarkably longer in N. perilampoides early on the day.”
Claim · model-written summary
Other bees had less pronounced duration peaks, maximal at intermediate environmental conditions.
Verbatim
e0“the rest of the bees showed less pronounced duration peaks, reaching their maximum at intermediate values of environmental conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Honeybee visit duration did not correlate with environmental factors.
- Taxon
- honeybeesApis melliferae0
- Outcome
- Visit duratione0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Visit duration on honeybees did not correlate with environmental factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Visit duration correlated with environmental factors for most other bees.
Not reportedSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“but it did for most other bees.”