Abstract
Fertilizer application practices are one of the major challenges facing agroecology. The agrobenefits of combined application of green manure and chemical fertilizers, and the potential of green manure to replace chemical fertilizers are now well documented. However, little is known about the impact of fertilization practices on microbial communities and tice yield. In this study, the diversity of bacterial and fungal communities, symbiotic networks and their relationship with soil function were analyzed in five fertilization treatments (N: 100% nitrogen fertilizer alone; M: green manure alone; MN 60 : green manure couple with 60% nitrogen fertilizer, MN 80 : green manure couple with 80% nitrogen fertilizer; and MN 100 : green manure couple with 100% nitrogen fertilizer). First, early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N. Secondly, soil bacterial diversity showed an increasing trend with increasing N fertilizer application after green manure input, however, the opposite was true for fungal diversity. Microbial interaction analysis showed that different fertilizer applications changed soil microbial network complexity and fertilizer-induced changes in soil microbial interactions were closely related to soil environmental changes. Random forest models further predicted the importance of soil environment, microorganisms and rice yield. Overall, nitrogen fertilizer green manure altered rice yield due to its effects on soil environment and microbial communities. In the case of combined green manure and N fertilizer application, bacteria and fungi showed different responses to fertilization method, and the full amount of N fertilizer in combination with green manure reduced the complexity of soil microbial network. In contrast, for more ecologically sensitive karst areas, we recommend fertilization practices with reduced N by 20–40% for rice production. Graphical Abstract
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Early rice yield was 12.6% higher with green manure plus 100% N fertilizer than with 100% N fertilizer alone.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- green manure couple with 100% nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- early rice yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.6%e0
- Comparator
- 100% nitrogen fertilizer alonee2
- Setting
- karst paddy areast1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e1“MN 100 : green manure couple with 100% nitrogen fertilizer”
e2“N: 100% nitrogen fertilizer alone”
t1“in karst paddy areas”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bacterial diversity showed an increasing trend with increasing N fertilizer application after green manure input.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizer application after green manure inpute3
- Outcome
- soil bacterial diversitye3
- Direction
- increasing trende3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e3“soil bacterial diversity showed an increasing trend with increasing N fertilizer application after green manure input, however, the opposite was true for fungal diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal diversity showed the opposite trend to bacterial diversity with increasing N fertilizer application after green manure input.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizer application after green manure inpute3
- Outcome
- fungal diversitye3
- Direction
- the opposite was truee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e3“soil bacterial diversity showed an increasing trend with increasing N fertilizer application after green manure input, however, the opposite was true for fungal diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
Different fertilizer applications changed soil microbial network complexity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- different fertilizer applicationse4
- Outcome
- soil microbial network complexitye4
- Direction
- changede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e4“different fertilizer applications changed soil microbial network complexity”
Claim · model-written summary
The full amount of N fertilizer combined with green manure reduced the complexity of the soil microbial network.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the full amount of N fertilizer in combination with green manuree6
- Outcome
- the complexity of soil microbial networke6
- Direction
- reducede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e6“the full amount of N fertilizer in combination with green manure reduced the complexity of soil microbial network”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer-induced changes in soil microbial interactions were closely related to soil environmental changes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- fertilizer-induced changese5
- Outcome
- soil microbial interactionse5
- Qualifier
- closely related to soil environmental changese5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e5“fertilizer-induced changes in soil microbial interactions were closely related to soil environmental changes”
Claim · model-written summary
Random forest models predicted the importance of soil environment, microorganisms and rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- the importance of soil environment, microorganisms and rice yielde7
- Qualifier
- Random forest modelse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e7“Random forest models further predicted the importance of soil environment, microorganisms and rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer combined with green manure altered rice yield through effects on soil environment and microbial communities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizer green manuree6
- Outcome
- rice yielde6
- Qualifier
- due to its effects on soil environment and microbial communitiese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early rice yield was significantly higher by 12.6% in MN 100 treatment in 2021 compared with N”
e6“nitrogen fertilizer green manure altered rice yield due to its effects on soil environment and microbial communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing N fertilizer by 20–40% is recommended for rice production in karst areas.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- fertilization practices with reduced Ne1
- Value
- 20–40%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we recommend fertilization practices with reduced N by 20–40% for rice production”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
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