Abstract
Grafted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is widely used to manage soil-borne diseases (Lee et.al 2010). In Taiwan, grafting on eggplant (S. melongena L.) rootstock have been extensively used to reduce bacterial wilt in tomato production. In July 2019, wilting plants were found at a cherry tomato farm (~ 0.5 ha) located at Miaoli County. About 10% tomatoes of cv. 'Mint Shine' grafted onto the eggplant rootstock displayed wilt symptoms. Numerous leaflets with chlorosis, inter-vein yellowing, V-shaped necrotic lesions and withered leaves were observed on the affected plants. Some plants eventually wilted and died. A cut at the grafting site revealed the vascular discolorations on both scion (tomato) and rootstock (eggplant). A fungus with a compact whitish colony was consistently isolated from the symptomatic vascular tissue by using acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Two isolates, Ve2 from eggplant and Ve4 from tomato, grown on PDA plates were characterized. Both Ve2 and Ve4 grow slowly (ca. 2.6 mm/day at 28 oC) and shared almost identical cultural and morphological characteristics. They first showed whitish mycelium and cream color in reverse within 1 week. Later, numerous microsclerotia developed evenly over the colony and the reverse color turned dark black. Microscopic observations revealed hyaline hyphae with black, elongated, irregularly spherical microsclerotia measuring 31.3 to 71.5 × 16.8 to 49.0 µm (average 50.4 × 28.5 µm) on a 3-week-old PDA culture. Abundant hyaline, single-celled, ellipsoida conidia measuring 2.7 to 4.7 × 0.9 to 3.2 µm (average 3.7 × 1.9 µm) and verticillate conidiophores were observed. The fungus was identified as Verticilium dahliae based on the consistent morphological characteristics (Hawksworth et. al 1970). To confirm the identity, the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA, amplified by PCR with universal primers ITS4/ITS5 (White et.al 1990), were sequenced. Both strains shared the same sequences (GenBank MZ734460; MZ736637), and BLASTn searching was 100% identical to many records of V. dahliae including an ex-epitype CBS130341. Pathogenicity was tested on 3-week-old seedlings of tomato cv. 'Bonny best' and eggplant cv. 'Longship' by a root dip method (Bhat & Subbarao 2007). Eighteen plants arranged into three replications were inoculated for each host-isolate combination, and incubated in the greenhouse at 25±3℃. The pathogenicity test was repeated two times, with the result that both isolates were pathogenic to tomato and eggplant. Both isolates induced wilt symptoms in all inoculated plants within 14 days post-inoculation (DPI). Severe leaf drop, wilting and vascular discoloration in all inoculated eggplant whereas slight yellowing and mildly stunt growth in tomato were observed at 21 DPI. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating the same fungus from both infected tomato and eggplant. All uninoculated plants remained health and no V. dahliae was isolated from them. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. dahliae and Verticilium wilt of grafted tomato caused by this pathogen in Taiwan. This pathogen affects over 400 plant species and has resulted in significant economic losses in many regions of world (Subbarao 2020). It is important to investigate the distribution and extent of damage caused by this emerging pathogen on Solanaceous or other crops.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
About 10% of grafted Mint Shine tomato plants displayed wilt symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- cv. 'Mint Shine'e0
- Organ / stage
- eggplant rootstocke0
- Outcome
- wilt symptomse0
- Value
- 10%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“About 10% tomatoes of cv. 'Mint Shine' grafted onto the eggplant rootstock displayed wilt symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected grafted tomato plants showed leaf chlorosis, yellowing, necrosis and withering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leafletse0
- Outcome
- chlorosis, inter-vein yellowing, V-shaped necrotic lesions and withered leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Numerous leaflets with chlorosis, inter-vein yellowing, V-shaped necrotic lesions and withered leaves were observed on the affected plants”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Some affected grafted tomato plants wilted and died.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- wilted and diede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some plants eventually wilted and died”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Vascular discoloration occurred in tomato scion and eggplant rootstock.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- scione0
- Outcome
- vascular discolorationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vascular discolorations on both scion (tomato) and rootstock (eggplant)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vascular discoloration occurred in eggplant rootstock.
- Taxon
- eggplant
Solanum melongenae0 - Organ / stage
- rootstocke0
- Outcome
- vascular discolorationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vascular discolorations on both scion (tomato) and rootstock (eggplant)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both isolates caused wilt in all inoculated tomato plants within 14 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Both isolatese0
- Outcome
- wilt symptomse0
- Value
- all inoculated plantse0
- Qualifier
- within 14 days post-inoculation (DPI)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both isolates induced wilt symptoms in all inoculated plants within 14 days post-inoculation (DPI)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Both isolates caused wilt in all inoculated eggplant plants within 14 days.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- Both isolatese0
- Outcome
- wilt symptomse0
- Qualifier
- within 14 days post-inoculation (DPI)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both isolates induced wilt symptoms in all inoculated plants within 14 days post-inoculation (DPI)”
t0“eggplant cv. 'Longship'”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated eggplant showed severe leaf drop, wilting and vascular discoloration at 21 days.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- Severe leaf drop, wilting and vascular discoloratione0
- Qualifier
- 21 DPIe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe leaf drop, wilting and vascular discoloration in all inoculated eggplant whereas slight yellowing and mildly stunt growth in tomato were observed at 21 DPI”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated tomato showed slight yellowing and mildly stunted growth at 21 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- slight yellowing and mildly stunt growthe0
- Qualifier
- 21 DPIe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe leaf drop, wilting and vascular discoloration in all inoculated eggplant whereas slight yellowing and mildly stunt growth in tomato were observed at 21 DPI”
Claim · model-written summary
The same fungus was re-isolated from infected tomato and eggplant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- re-isolating the same funguse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating the same fungus from both infected tomato and eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated plants stayed healthy and yielded no V. dahliae.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- V. dahliae
Verticillium dahliaee0pathogen - Outcome
- remained health and no V. dahliae was isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All uninoculated plants remained health and no V. dahliae was isolated from them”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
This is reported as the first Verticillium wilt of grafted tomato in Taiwan.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Verticilium wilte0
- Setting
- Taiwane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first report of V. dahliae and Verticilium wilt of grafted tomato caused by this pathogen in Taiwan”
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