Abstract
The use of synthetic insecticides is one of the most widely used strategies to control wax moth infestations. However, toxicity to bees and contamination of their products have been considered to be consequences of insecticide residues, increasing the risk of hazards to human health and environment. Here, we evaluated the application of plant extracts and essential oil would be selective against the honey bees Apis cerana indica L. without compromising the control of the wax moths Galleria mellonella. In that, peppermint oil (1.25%) and Azadirachta indica (3%) caused 53.33% and 40.00% mortality. Whereas, eucalyptus oil (1.25%), Ocimum tenuiflorum (3%) extract caused 33% wax moth mortality. But in contact toxicity, peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil (5%) caused highest larval mortality 80% and 72.38%, O. tenuiflorum at 10% concentration recorded 56.19% mortality. In repellence bioassay, peppermint oil (1.25%) and A. indica (3%) caused 100% repellence. Whereas, at 10% concentration only O. tenuiflorum caused 100% repellence. Furthermore, O. tenuiflorum (10%), A. indica (10%), peppermint oil (2.5%) and eucalyptus oils (2.5%) did not kill honeybee but did exhibit insecticidal and repellent activities against the larvae and adults of wax moth. By exhibiting desirable levels of selectivity against A. cerana indica and providing relevant control levels against wax moths, the application of O. tenuiflorum leaf extracts and pepper mint essential oil represents a desirable tool to replace the use of synthetic insecticides against wax moths in weak honey bee colonies as well as in stored honey bee combs.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Peppermint oil at 1.25% caused 53.33% mortality of greater wax moth.
- Taxon
- Galleria mellonella
Galleria mellonellat0 - Treatment
- peppermint oil (1.25%)e1
- Outcome
- mortalitye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 53.33%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Galleria mellonella”
e1“peppermint oil (1.25%) and Azadirachta indica (3%) caused 53.33% and 40.00% mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachta indica at 3% caused 40.00% mortality of greater wax moth.
- Taxon
- Galleria mellonellaGalleria mellonellat0
- Treatment
- Azadirachta indica (3%)e1
- Outcome
- mortalitye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 40.00%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Galleria mellonella”
e1“peppermint oil (1.25%) and Azadirachta indica (3%) caused 53.33% and 40.00% mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
In contact toxicity, peppermint oil caused the highest larval mortality, 80%.
- Taxon
- Galleria mellonellaGalleria mellonellat0
- Treatment
- peppermint oile1
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 80%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Galleria mellonella”
e1“peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil (5%) caused highest larval mortality 80% and 72.38%”
Claim · model-written summary
In contact toxicity, eucalyptus oil at 5% caused larval mortality of 72.38%.
- Taxon
- Galleria mellonellaGalleria mellonellat0
- Treatment
- eucalyptus oil (5%)e1
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 72.38%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Galleria mellonella”
e1“peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil (5%) caused highest larval mortality 80% and 72.38%”
Claim · model-written summary
Peppermint oil at 1.25% and A. indica at 3% caused 100% repellence of wax moth.
- Taxon
- Galleria mellonellaGalleria mellonellat0
- Treatment
- peppermint oil (1.25%)e1
- Outcome
- repellencee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 100%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Galleria mellonella”
e1“peppermint oil (1.25%) and A. indica (3%) caused 100% repellence”
Claim · model-written summary
Ocimum tenuiflorum, A. indica, peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil at the stated concentrations did not kill honeybees.
- Taxon
- honeybee
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=60)
Apis melliferae1 - Treatment
- peppermint oil (2.5%)e1
- Outcome
- did not kill honeybeee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“O. tenuiflorum (10%), A. indica (10%), peppermint oil (2.5%) and eucalyptus oils (2.5%) did not kill honeybee”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that O. tenuiflorum leaf extracts and peppermint essential oil are a desirable tool to replace synthetic insecticides against wax moths.
Verbatim
e1“the application of O. tenuiflorum leaf extracts and pepper mint essential oil represents a desirable tool to replace the use of synthetic insecticides against wax moths”