Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous pest that damages a wide range of crops worldwide. In India, although its incidence is reported for over 200 plant species, it severely reduces productivity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.), crops. One of the most effective natural enemies reported for its biological control is Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii), which attacks the eggs of H. armigera. In general, behavioural responses influence parasitoids’ ability to control host pests. The functional response i.e., response of a parasitoid to its hosts’ egg density can be considered one of them. It may be affected by several abiotic and biotic factors including host plants. However, how the functional response of T. chilonis is influenced by host plants is still unknown. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the influences of host plants (chickpea and tomato) on the functional response of T. chilonis at H. armigera’s eight different egg densities (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 eggs/female/day) under laboratory conditions. For all host plants, the logistic regression revealed a type-II functional response. The attack rate (a) of T. chilonis was observed to be 0.0463±0.0038 and 0.0623 ±0.0058 per hour with estimated handling times (Th) of 0.4256 ±0.0432, and 0.7245±0.0537 hour for chickpea and tomato, respectively. Although the functional response features, particularly with regard to parasitism, did not vary significantly among host plants (at a 95% confidence interval), the T. chilonis females, however, had a grater effectiveness against H. armigera eggs on chickpea. The findings of this study provide new insights into hostparasitoid interactions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
For all host plants the logistic regression revealed a type-II functional response of T. chilonis.
- Outcome
- type-II functional responsee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“For all host plants, the logistic regression revealed a type-II functional response”
Claim · model-written summary
On chickpea the attack rate of T. chilonis was 0.0463 +/- 0.0038 per hour.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume1 - Interactor
- T. chilonis
_Figure_2b.png?width=60)
Trichogramma chilonise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- attack ratee0
- Value
- 0.0463±0.0038e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_2b.png?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The attack rate (a) of T. chilonis was observed to be 0.0463±0.0038”
e1“for chickpea and tomato, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
On tomato the attack rate of T. chilonis was 0.0623 +/- 0.0058 per hour.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Interactor
- T. chilonisTrichogramma chilonise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- attack ratee0
- Value
- 0.0623 ±0.0058 per houre1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The attack rate (a) of T. chilonis”
e1“0.0623 ±0.0058 per hour”
e2“for chickpea and tomato, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
On chickpea the estimated handling time of T. chilonis was 0.4256 +/- 0.0432 hours.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Interactor
- T. chilonisTrichogramma chilonise2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- handling timese0
- Value
- 0.4256 ±0.0432e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“estimated handling times (Th) of 0.4256 ±0.0432”
e1“for chickpea and tomato, respectively”
e2“The attack rate (a) of T. chilonis”
Claim · model-written summary
On tomato the estimated handling time of T. chilonis was 0.7245 +/- 0.0537 hours.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Interactor
- T. chilonisTrichogramma chilonise2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- handling timese0
- Value
- 0.7245±0.0537 houre1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“estimated handling times (Th)”
e1“0.7245±0.0537 hour”
e2“The attack rate (a) of T. chilonis”
e3“for chickpea and tomato, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional response features of T. chilonis, particularly parasitism, did not vary significantly among host plants.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the functional response features, particularly with regard to parasitism, did not vary significantly among host plants”
Claim · model-written summary
T. chilonis females were more effective against H. armigera eggs on chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Interactor
- H. armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerae0pest - Second interactor
- T. chilonisTrichogramma chilonise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- effectiveness against H. armigera eggse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the T. chilonis females, however, had a grater effectiveness against H. armigera eggs on chickpea”