Abstract
Abstract The disruptive effects of tertiary species on otherwise positive pairwise species interactions (e.g. context-dependent parasitism in pollinator syndromes) is well-known. However, few—if any—studies have investigated how invasive plants affect interactions between facilitative plants and their native plant communities. Further, if tertiary invasive species can change interactions among native species from positive to negative, then a tertiary native should be capable of the same phenom for pairwise interactions between natives and invasives. Our previous research indicates invasive black mustard ( Brassica nigra ) changes interaction signs for otherwise positive species interactions between the dominant, native facilitator California buckwheat ( Eriogonum fasciculatum ) and its co-dominant beneficiary California sagebrush ( Artemisia californica ) in semi-arid California coastal sage scrub habitat. Here, E. fasciculatum and A. californica seedlings increased B. nigra shoot growth in pairwise species interactions in the greenhouse. However, in three-way species interactions, E. fasciculatum and A. californica together reduced B. nigra SLA, height, and reproductive potential while not increasing shoot DW. In three-way species interactions, B. nigra did not significantly reduce E. fasciculatum facilitation of A. californica . Also surprisingly, light competition with B. nigra resulted in an increase in A. californica height , which reduced the negative effects of A. californica light competition on shade-intolerant E. fasciculatum. In an additive field experiment, A. californica protected E. fasciculatum from facilitating germination and growth of B. nigra when water competition was minimized. Taken together, this study demonstrates the importance of studying species interactions between competitive, native perennials in the current ecological context of invaded ecosystems.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
E. fasciculatum and A. californica seedlings increased B. nigra shoot growth in pairwise interactions in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- B. nigra
_leaves.JPG?width=60)
Brassica nigrae1 - Treatment
- pairwise species interactionse1
- Interactor
- E. fasciculatum
Eriogonum fasciculatume1other - Second interactor
- A. californica
Artemisia californicae1other - Outcome
- shoot growthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_leaves.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Here, E. fasciculatum and A. californica seedlings increased B. nigra shoot growth in pairwise species interactions in the greenhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
In three-way interactions, E. fasciculatum and A. californica together reduced B. nigra SLA, height and reproductive potential.
- Taxon
- B. nigraBrassica nigrae2
- Treatment
- three-way species interactionse2
- Interactor
- E. fasciculatumEriogonum fasciculatume2other
- Second interactor
- A. californicaArtemisia californicae2other
- Outcome
- SLA, height, and reproductive potentiale2
- Direction
- reducede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, in three-way species interactions, E. fasciculatum and A. californica together reduced B. nigra SLA, height, and reproductive potential while not increasing shoot DW”
Claim · model-written summary
In three-way interactions, E. fasciculatum and A. californica did not increase B. nigra shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- B. nigraBrassica nigrae2
- Treatment
- three-way species interactionse2
- Interactor
- E. fasciculatumEriogonum fasciculatume2other
- Second interactor
- A. californicaArtemisia californicae2other
- Outcome
- shoot DWe2
- Direction
- not increasinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, in three-way species interactions, E. fasciculatum and A. californica together reduced B. nigra SLA, height, and reproductive potential while not increasing shoot DW”
Claim · model-written summary
B. nigra did not significantly reduce the facilitation of A. californica by E. fasciculatum.
- Taxon
- A. californicaArtemisia californicae3
- Interactor
- B. nigraBrassica nigrae3weed
- Outcome
- E. fasciculatum facilitation of A. californicae3
- Direction
- did not significantly reducee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“B. nigra did not significantly reduce E. fasciculatum facilitation of A. californica”
Claim · model-written summary
Light competition with B. nigra increased the height of A. californica.
- Taxon
- A. californicaArtemisia californicae4
- Treatment
- light competitione4
- Interactor
- B. nigraBrassica nigrae4weed
- Outcome
- heighte4
- Direction
- increasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“light competition with B. nigra resulted in an increase in A. californica height”
Claim · model-written summary
The increased A. californica height reduced the negative effects of its light competition on E. fasciculatum.
- Taxon
- E. fasciculatumEriogonum fasciculatume5
- Interactor
- A. californicaArtemisia californicae5other
- Outcome
- negative effects of A. californica light competitione5
- Direction
- reducede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“which reduced the negative effects of A. californica light competition on shade-intolerant E. fasciculatum”
Claim · model-written summary
In an additive field experiment, A. californica protected E. fasciculatum from facilitating germination and growth of B. nigra when water competition was minimized.
- Taxon
- B. nigraBrassica nigrae6
- Interactor
- A. californicaArtemisia californicae6other
- Second interactor
- E. fasciculatumEriogonum fasciculatume6other
- Outcome
- facilitating germination and growthe6
- Setting
- additive field experimente6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In an additive field experiment, A. californica protected E. fasciculatum from facilitating germination and growth of B. nigra when water competition was minimized”