Abstract
The mitochondrial genome of Liriodendron tulipifera exhibits many ancestral angiosperm features and a remarkably slow evolutionary rate, while mitochondrial genomes of other magnoliids remain yet to be characterized. We assembled nine new mitochondrial genomes, representing all genera of perianth-bearing Piperales, as well as for a member of the sister clade: three complete or nearly complete mitochondrial genomes from Aristolochiaceae and six additional draft assemblies including Thottea, Asaraceae, Lactoridaceae, and Hydnoraceae. For comparative purpose, a complete mitochondrial genome was assembled for Saururus, a member of the perianth-less Piperales. The average number of short repeats (50-99 bp) was much larger in genus Aristolochia than in other angiosperm mitochondrial genomes, and approximately 30% of repeats (<350 bp) were found to have the capacity to mediate recombination. We found mitochondrial genomes in perianth-bearing Piperales comprising conserved repertories of protein-coding genes and rRNAs but variable copy numbers of tRNA genes. We identified several shifts from cis- to trans-splicing of the Group II introns of nad1i728, cox2i373, and nad7i209. Two short regions of the cox1 and atp8 genes were likely derived from independent horizontal gene transfer events in perianth-bearing Piperales. We found biased enrichment of specific substitution types in different lineages of magnoliids and the Aristolochiaceae family showed the highest ratio of A:T > T:A substitutions of all other investigated angiosperm groups. Our study reports the first mitochondrial genomes for Piperales and uses this new information for a better understanding of the evolutionary patterns of magnoliids and angiosperms in general.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Nine new mitochondrial genomes representing perianth-bearing Piperales and a sister-clade member were assembled.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“We assembled nine new mitochondrial genomes, representing all genera of perianth-bearing Piperales, as well as for a member of the sister clade”
Claim · model-written summary
Three complete or nearly complete mitochondrial genomes were obtained from Aristolochiaceae.
- Taxon
- AristolochiaceaeAristolochiaceaee0
- Outcome
- mitochondrial genomese0
- Value
- threee0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“three complete or nearly complete mitochondrial genomes from Aristolochiaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
Six draft assemblies included Thottea, Asaraceae, Lactoridaceae, and Hydnoraceae.
- Taxon
- Thottea, Asaraceae, Lactoridaceae, and HydnoraceaeHydnoraceaeLactoridaceae
ThotteaAsaraceaee0 - Outcome
- draft assembliese0
- Value
- sixe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six additional draft assemblies including Thottea, Asaraceae, Lactoridaceae, and Hydnoraceae”
Claim · model-written summary
A complete mitochondrial genome was assembled for Saururus.
- Outcome
- complete mitochondrial genomee0
SaururusNot reportedDirectionValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a complete mitochondrial genome was assembled for Saururus”
Claim · model-written summary
Aristolochia had many more short mitochondrial repeats than other angiosperms.
- Taxon
- Aristolochia
Aristolochiae0 - Outcome
- average number of short repeatse0
- Direction
- much largere0
- Qualifier
- 50-99 bpe0
- Comparator
- other angiosperm mitochondrial genomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average number of short repeats (50-99 bp) was much larger in genus Aristolochia than in other angiosperm mitochondrial genomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately 30% of repeats under 350 bp could mediate recombination.
- Outcome
- repeats (<350 bp) were found to have the capacity to mediate recombinatione0
- Value
- approximately 30%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“approximately 30% of repeats (<350 bp) were found to have the capacity to mediate recombination”
t0“Piperales”
Claim · model-written summary
Perianth-bearing Piperales mitochondrial genomes had conserved protein-coding gene repertoires.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“mitochondrial genomes in perianth-bearing Piperales comprising conserved repertories of protein-coding genes and rRNAs but variable copy numbers of tRNA genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Perianth-bearing Piperales mitochondrial genomes varied in tRNA gene copy number.
Verbatim
e0“mitochondrial genomes in perianth-bearing Piperales comprising conserved repertories of protein-coding genes and rRNAs but variable copy numbers of tRNA genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Group II introns nad1i728, cox2i373 and nad7i209 shifted from cis to trans splicing.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“We identified several shifts from cis- to trans-splicing of the Group II introns of nad1i728, cox2i373, and nad7i209”
t0“Piperales”
Claim · model-written summary
A cox1 region was likely derived from an independent horizontal transfer.
- Taxon
- perianth-bearing Piperalese0
- Gene
- cox1e0
- Outcome
- horizontal gene transfer eventse0
- Qualifier
- likelye0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Two short regions of the cox1 and atp8 genes were likely derived from independent horizontal gene transfer events in perianth-bearing Piperales”
Claim · model-written summary
An atp8 region was likely derived from an independent horizontal transfer.
- Taxon
- perianth-bearing Piperalese0
- Gene
- atp8e0
- Outcome
- horizontal gene transfer eventse0
- Qualifier
- likelye0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Two short regions of the cox1 and atp8 genes were likely derived from independent horizontal gene transfer events in perianth-bearing Piperales”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific substitution types were enriched in different magnoliid lineages.
- Taxon
- magnoliidsMagnoliidaee0
- Outcome
- biased enrichment of specific substitution typese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“We found biased enrichment of specific substitution types in different lineages of magnoliids”
Claim · model-written summary
Aristolochiaceae had the highest A:T > T:A substitution ratio among investigated angiosperms.
- Taxon
- AristolochiaceaeAristolochiaceaee0
- Outcome
- ratio of A:T > T:A substitutionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- all other investigated angiosperm groupse0
Verbatim
e0“the Aristolochiaceae family showed the highest ratio of A:T > T:A substitutions of all other investigated angiosperm groups”
Claim · model-written summary
The study reports the first mitochondrial genomes for Piperales.
- Outcome
- first mitochondrial genomese0
Not reportedDirectionValue
Verbatim
e0“Our study reports the first mitochondrial genomes for Piperales”