Abstract
A self-propelled intra-canopy boom spraying system was designed for spraying chemicals in small height row crops. The performance of the spraying system was evaluated both under laboratory and field conditions to assess the efficacy and minimize the loss of spray liquid. Flat fan and hollow cone nozzles were tested to determine the boom volumetric distribution, swath and spray angle at different combinations of pressure and height. The flat fan nozzle gave better volumetric distribution at 2.5 kgf.cm-2, while the hollow cone nozzle gave at 2.0 kgf.cm-2 pressure corresponding to 300 mm nozzle height. The spraying system was tested on soybean crop at forwarding speeds of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 km.h-1. With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance. A good percentage of leaf area coverage (30.30 % and 20.01 % for top and bottom of the plant) was obtained at low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1) while compromising more spray volume and less field capacity as compared to higher forward travel speeds. The effect of forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle types were significant (p<0.05) for mean droplet size, number median diameter, percentage coverage of leaf area and droplet density. The field capacity of the spraying system ranged between 0.22 and 0.36 ha.h-1 with an increase in forward travel speed from 1.50 km.h-1 to 2.50 km.h-1 at an average swath of 1.8 m.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Flat fan nozzles gave better boom volumetric distribution at 2.5 kgf.cm-2.
- Taxon
- soybean crop
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- flat fan nozzlee0
- Outcome
- volumetric distributione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 2.5 kgf.cm-2e0
- Comparator
- hollow cone nozzlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The flat fan nozzle gave better volumetric distribution at 2.5 kgf.cm-2, while the hollow cone nozzle gave at 2.0 kgf.cm-2 pressure corresponding to 300 mm nozzle height.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Hollow cone nozzles gave better distribution at 2.0 kgf.cm-2 and 300 mm height.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- hollow cone nozzlee0
- Outcome
- volumetric distributione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 2.0 kgf.cm-2e0
- Qualifier
- 300 mm nozzle heighte0
- Comparator
- flat fan nozzlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The flat fan nozzle gave better volumetric distribution at 2.5 kgf.cm-2, while the hollow cone nozzle gave at 2.0 kgf.cm-2 pressure corresponding to 300 mm nozzle height.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
As forward speed rose, mean percentage of coverage on the top fell from 30.30 - 15.37 %.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- tope0
- Treatment
- increase in forwarding speede0
- Outcome
- mean percentage of coveragee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30.30 - 15.37 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
As forward speed rose, mean percentage of coverage on the bottom part of the leaves fell from 20.01- 4.12 %.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- bottom part of the leavese0
- Treatment
- increase in forwarding speede0
- Outcome
- mean percentage of coveragee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20.01- 4.12 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
As forward speed rose, mean droplet density on the top fell from 277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- tope0
- Treatment
- increase in forwarding speede0
- Outcome
- mean droplet densitye0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
As forward speed rose, mean droplet density on the bottom part of the leaves fell from 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- bottom part of the leavese0
- Treatment
- increase in forwarding speede0
- Outcome
- mean droplet densitye0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.5 km.h-1, top leaf coverage was 30.30%.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- tope0
- Treatment
- low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1)e0
- Outcome
- leaf area coveragee0
- Value
- 30.30 %e0
- Comparator
- higher forward travel speedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A good percentage of leaf area coverage (30.30 % and 20.01 % for top and bottom of the plant) was obtained at low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1) while compromising more spray volume and less field capacity as compared to higher forward travel speeds.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.5 km.h-1, bottom leaf coverage was 20.01%.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- bottom of the plante0
- Treatment
- low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1)e0
- Outcome
- leaf area coveragee0
- Value
- 20.01 %e0
- Comparator
- higher forward travel speedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A good percentage of leaf area coverage (30.30 % and 20.01 % for top and bottom of the plant) was obtained at low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1) while compromising more spray volume and less field capacity as compared to higher forward travel speeds.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Low speed increased spray volume relative to faster travel.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- low forward speede0
- Outcome
- spray volumee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- higher forward travel speedse0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A good percentage of leaf area coverage (30.30 % and 20.01 % for top and bottom of the plant) was obtained at low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1) while compromising more spray volume and less field capacity as compared to higher forward travel speeds.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Low speed reduced field capacity relative to faster travel.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- low forward speede0
- Outcome
- field capacitye0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- higher forward travel speedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A good percentage of leaf area coverage (30.30 % and 20.01 % for top and bottom of the plant) was obtained at low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1) while compromising more spray volume and less field capacity as compared to higher forward travel speeds.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected mean droplet size.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle typese0
- Outcome
- mean droplet sizee0
- Value
- p<0.05e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle types were significant (p<0.05) for mean droplet size, number median diameter, percentage coverage of leaf area and droplet density.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected number median diameter.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle typese0
- Outcome
- number median diametere0
- Value
- p<0.05e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle types were significant (p<0.05) for mean droplet size, number median diameter, percentage coverage of leaf area and droplet density.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected percentage coverage of leaf area.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle typese0
- Outcome
- percentage coverage of leaf areae0
- Value
- p<0.05e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle types were significant (p<0.05) for mean droplet size, number median diameter, percentage coverage of leaf area and droplet density.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Forward travel speed, tag position and nozzle type significantly affected droplet density.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle typese0
- Outcome
- droplet densitye0
- Value
- p<0.05e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle types were significant (p<0.05) for mean droplet size, number median diameter, percentage coverage of leaf area and droplet density.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Field capacity ranged from 0.22 to 0.36 ha.h-1 as travel speed increased from 1.50 to 2.50 km.h-1.
- Taxon
- soybean cropGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increase in forward travel speed from 1.50 km.h-1 to 2.50 km.h-1e0
- Outcome
- field capacitye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.22 and 0.36 ha.h-1e0
- Qualifier
- average swath of 1.8 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field capacity of the spraying system ranged between 0.22 and 0.36 ha.h-1 with an increase in forward travel speed from 1.50 km.h-1 to 2.50 km.h-1 at an average swath of 1.8 m.”
t0“The spraying system was tested on soybean crop”