Abstract
Invasive plant species pose a serious threat to agricultural yield, although how the threat varies with the distance of crops from invasive plants remains unclear. Therefore, utilizing this viewpoint, objectives were formulated to quantify differences in the native vegetation and performance of crops growing near A. adenophora–invaded (treatment plots) and uninvaded ridges (control plots) in the terraced agricultural fields of Kumaun Central Himalaya. Morphological and yield parameters of two crops, viz. rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.), were assessed systematically by laying parallel transects from the ridge of the field up to 5 m towards the centre of the field in three equal distance intervals of 1 m in the order: 0–1 m, 2–3 m, and 4–5 m. Crofton weed showed 95–100% crown cover throughout invaded ridges/risers of terraced fields, with stem densities of 134–208 ind. m−2 and an average basal area of 0.15 cm2. The total mean density of herbs (other than A. adenophora) in invaded ridges/risers decreased by 38–85% compared to uninvaded ridges, but species richness increased by 31–37%. Soil nutrient availability was high across invaded ridges/risers as well as crop fields. The average irradiance level near uninvaded ridges was 19.6 ± 1.80%, and near invaded ridges, it was 1.8 ± 0.31%. Compared to straw, root, and grain yields obtained at the farthest distance, the yield of rice near uninvaded ridges was reduced by 27%, 19%, and 33%, while near invaded ridges, it was reduced by 37%, 39%, and 43%, respectively; the yield of soybean near uninvaded ridges declined by 62%, 66%, and 42%, while near invaded ridges, it decreased by 59%, 69%, and 47%, respectively. Compared to the values obtained at the farthest distance, the harvest index (HI) of rice near ridges was reduced by 7% and 13%, while the HI of soybean increased by 15 and 10% across uninvaded and invaded field ridges, respectively. The findings indicated that the Crofton weed could suppress field crops and could form a single dominant population in the invaded area, causing a serious threat to the plant community, its diversity, and the yield of the native agroecosystem in the foreseeable future if timely management actions would not be taken.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Crofton weed (A. adenophora) showed 95–100% crown cover throughout invaded ridges/risers of terraced fields.
Verbatim
e0“Crofton weed showed 95–100% crown cover throughout invaded ridges/risers of terraced fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Crofton weed had stem densities of 134–208 individuals per m2 on invaded ridges/risers.
Verbatim
e0“Crofton weed showed 95–100% crown cover”
e1“stem densities of 134–208 ind. m−2”
Claim · model-written summary
Crofton weed had an average basal area of 0.15 cm2.
Verbatim
e0“Crofton weed showed 95–100% crown cover”
e1“an average basal area of 0.15 cm2”
Claim · model-written summary
Total mean density of herbs other than A. adenophora decreased by 38–85% on invaded ridges/risers compared with uninvaded ridges.
- Taxon
- herbse0
- Treatment
- invaded ridges/riserse0
- Interactor
- A. adenophora
_2.jpg?width=60)
Ageratina adenophorae0weed - Outcome
- total mean density of herbse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 38–85%e0
- Comparator
- uninvaded ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The total mean density of herbs (other than A. adenophora) in invaded ridges/risers decreased by 38–85% compared to uninvaded ridges”
Claim · model-written summary
Species richness of herbs increased by 31–37% on invaded ridges compared with uninvaded ridges.
- Taxon
- herbse0
- Treatment
- invaded ridges/riserse0
- Interactor
- A. adenophoraAgeratina adenophorae0weed
- Outcome
- species richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31–37%e0
- Comparator
- uninvaded ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total mean density of herbs (other than A. adenophora) in invaded ridges/risers decreased by 38–85% compared to uninvaded ridges, but species richness increased by 31–37%”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nutrient availability was high across invaded ridges/risers and crop fields.
- Outcome
- Soil nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Setting
- invaded ridges/risers as well as crop fieldse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil nutrient availability was high across invaded ridges/risers as well as crop fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Average irradiance near invaded ridges was 1.8 ± 0.31%, much lower than 19.6 ± 1.80% near uninvaded ridges.
- Outcome
- average irradiance levele0
- Value
- 1.8 ± 0.31%e0
- Qualifier
- 19.6 ± 1.80%e0
- Comparator
- uninvaded ridgese0
- Setting
- near invaded ridgese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The average irradiance level near uninvaded ridges was 19.6 ± 1.80%, and near invaded ridges, it was 1.8 ± 0.31%”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw, root and grain yields near uninvaded ridges were reduced by 27%, 19% and 33% relative to the farthest distance.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- straw, root, and grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27%, 19%, and 33%e0
- Comparator
- the farthest distancee0
- Setting
- near uninvaded ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to straw, root, and grain yields obtained at the farthest distance, the yield of rice near uninvaded ridges was reduced by 27%, 19%, and 33%, while near invaded ridges, it was reduced by 37%, 39%, and 43%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw, root and grain yields near A. adenophora-invaded ridges were reduced by 37%, 39% and 43% relative to the farthest distance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- A. adenophoraAgeratina adenophorae1weed
- Outcome
- straw, root, and grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37%, 39%, and 43%e0
- Comparator
- the farthest distancee0
- Setting
- near invaded ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to straw, root, and grain yields obtained at the farthest distance, the yield of rice near uninvaded ridges was reduced by 27%, 19%, and 33%, while near invaded ridges, it was reduced by 37%, 39%, and 43%, respectively”
e1“A. adenophora–invaded”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean straw, root and grain yields near uninvaded ridges declined by 62%, 66% and 42% relative to the farthest distance.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- straw, root, and grain yieldse1
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 62%, 66%, and 42%e0
- Comparator
- the farthest distancee1
- Setting
- near uninvaded ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of soybean near uninvaded ridges declined by 62%, 66%, and 42%, while near invaded ridges, it decreased by 59%, 69%, and 47%, respectively”
e1“Compared to straw, root, and grain yields obtained at the farthest distance”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean straw, root and grain yields near A. adenophora-invaded ridges decreased by 59%, 69% and 47% relative to the farthest distance.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- A. adenophoraAgeratina adenophorae2weed
- Outcome
- straw, root, and grain yieldse1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 59%, 69%, and 47%e0
- Comparator
- the farthest distancee1
- Setting
- near invaded ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of soybean near uninvaded ridges declined by 62%, 66%, and 42%, while near invaded ridges, it decreased by 59%, 69%, and 47%, respectively”
e1“Compared to straw, root, and grain yields obtained at the farthest distance”
e2“A. adenophora–invaded”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice harvest index near ridges was reduced by 7% (uninvaded) and 13% (invaded) relative to the farthest distance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- harvest index (HI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7% and 13%e0
- Comparator
- the farthest distancee1
- Setting
- uninvaded and invaded field ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the harvest index (HI) of rice near ridges was reduced by 7% and 13%, while the HI of soybean increased by 15 and 10% across uninvaded and invaded field ridges, respectively”
e1“Compared to the values obtained at the farthest distance”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean harvest index increased by 15% (uninvaded) and 10% (invaded) ridges relative to the farthest distance.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- HIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15 and 10%e0
- Comparator
- the farthest distancee1
- Setting
- uninvaded and invaded field ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the harvest index (HI) of rice near ridges was reduced by 7% and 13%, while the HI of soybean increased by 15 and 10% across uninvaded and invaded field ridges, respectively”
e1“Compared to the values obtained at the farthest distance”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that Crofton weed could suppress field crops and form a single dominant population in the invaded area.
Verbatim
e0“the Crofton weed could suppress field crops”