Abstract
One of the main challenges facing the development of aquaponics is disease control, due on one hand to the fact that plants cannot be treated with chemicals because they can lead to mortality in cultured fish. The aim of this study was to apply the visible–near-infrared spectroscopy and vegetation index approach to test aquaponically cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) infected with different fungal pathogens (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata). The lettuces on the third leaf formation were placed in tanks (with dimensions 1 m/0.50 m/0.35 m) filled up with water from the aquaponics system every second day. In this study, we included reference fungal strains Aspergillus niger NBIMCC 3252, Fusarium oxysporum NBIMCC 125, and Alternaria alternata NBIMCC 109. Diffuse reflectance spectra of the leaves of lettuce were measured directly on the plants using a USB4000 spectrometer in the 450–1100 nm wavelength range. In near-infrared spectral range, the reflectance values of infected leaves are lower than those of the control, which indicates that some changes in cell structures occurred as a result of the fungal infection. All three investigated pathogens had a statistically significant effect on leaf water content and water band index. Vegetative indices such as Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (CARI), Modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI), Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Red Edge Index (REI2), Red Edge Index (REI3), and Water band index (WBI) were found to be effective in distinguishing infected plants from healthy ones, with WBI demonstrating the greatest reliability.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
In the near-infrared range, reflectance of infected lettuce leaves was lower than that of the control.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- infected leavese0
- Outcome
- reflectance valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In near-infrared spectral range, the reflectance values of infected leaves are lower than those of the control”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
All three investigated fungal pathogens had a statistically significant effect on lettuce leaf water content and water band index.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- investigated pathogense0
- Interactor
- pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf water content and water band indexe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three investigated pathogens had a statistically significant effect on leaf water content and water band index”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Several vegetation indices (CARI, MCARI, PSRI, REI2, REI3 and WBI) were effective in distinguishing infected lettuce plants from healthy ones.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- effective in distinguishing infected plants from healthy onese0
- Comparator
- healthy onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were found to be effective in distinguishing infected plants from healthy ones”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Among the vegetation indices, WBI demonstrated the greatest reliability.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- greatest reliabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with WBI demonstrating the greatest reliability”
t0“Lettuce”