Abstract
High-throughput sequencing and a 16S rRNA gene clone library amplicon analysis were used to study the endophytic microbial diversity in citrus leaves in response to a Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc) infection in an effort to develop a biocontrol scheme for citrus canker disease. There are more species of moderate citrus canker disease (MCD) than severe citrus canker disease (SCD) in terms of both Shannon and Simpson index measurements. Taxonomy has shown that the MCD Firmicutes group (25.2%) outnumber the SCD group (0.55%). Some Firmicutes can suppress Xcc, but in SCD leaves, they are in a competitive position and do not have a dominating niche; therefore, their population is greatly decreased. Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium, two genera of the phylum Proteobacteria, are growth-promoting and stress-resistant in most plants and comprise approximately 60% of the SCD group, whereas the MCD group was less abundant. In conclusion, citrus canker disease restructures bacterial communities in infected leaves, causing the endophytic community to evolve toward “weakening its spear and strengthening its shield.” This research provides support for the idea that introducing helpful bacterial strains in advance may alter the relative abundance of bacteria in a given area and hence decrease the likelihood of infection by harmful bacteria. The future of sequencing technology lies in research on microbial community functions, the elucidation of plant processes and pathogen occurrence, and support for the development of plant biological control technologies.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Moderately diseased citrus had greater endophytic species diversity than severely diseased citrus.
- Outcome
- more speciese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- Shannon and Simpson index measurementse0
- Comparator
- severe citrus canker disease (SCD)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“There are more species of moderate citrus canker disease (MCD) than severe citrus canker disease (SCD) in terms of both Shannon and Simpson index measurements.”
Claim · model-written summary
Firmicutes comprised 25.2% of the moderate disease community and 0.55% of the severe disease community.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the MCD Firmicutes group (25.2%) outnumber the SCD group (0.55%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Firmicutes were reported to suppress Xcc, but their population was reduced in severely diseased leaves.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Some Firmicutes can suppress Xcc, but in SCD leaves, they are in a competitive position and do not have a dominating niche; therefore, their population is greatly decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium together made up approximately 60% of the severe disease community and were less abundant in moderate disease.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Interactor
- Sphingomonas
Sphingomonase0symbiont - Second interactor
- MethylobacteriumMethylobacteriume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Sphingomonas and Methylobacteriume0
- Direction
- less abundante0
- Value
- approximately 60%e0
- Comparator
- MCD groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium, two genera of the phylum Proteobacteria, are growth-promoting and stress-resistant in most plants and comprise approximately 60% of the SCD group, whereas the MCD group was less abundant.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose introducing helpful bacterial strains in advance to reduce harmful bacterial infection.
- Treatment
- introducing helpful bacterial strains in advancee0
- Outcome
- decrease the likelihood of infection by harmful bacteriae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“introducing helpful bacterial strains in advance may alter the relative abundance of bacteria in a given area and hence decrease the likelihood of infection by harmful bacteria”