Abstract
Abstract The spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is an invasive species native to East Asia and now widespread worldwide. Major economic damage is caused by the larvae developing within ripening soft-skin fruit. Currently, larval detection in fruit is limited to destructive methods and post-harvest control strategies heavily rely on the use of chemicals or cold to inhibit egg eclosion and larval growth. Feeding larvae are likely to induce substrate-borne vibrations in the berry that could be exploited as cues by predators or to develop a non-invasive pest detection method, an approach previously applied on leaves and wooden structures, but never on fresh fruit. We used a laser vibrometer to detect and characterize the incidental vibrations produced by D. suzukii larvae within fresh blueberries at five different pest age (48, 96, 168, 216 and 264 h). An innovative statistical analysis was performed to assess if infestation level (number of pupae) and pest age (hours after exposure) affect the spectrum and the amplitude of vibrations. The recordings of infested berries were characterized by the presence of a series of broad-band pulses (frequency range 0.1–2 kHz) without a regular temporal pattern, in an amplitude range between 12.1 and 946 µm/s. Furthermore, the analysis revealed the possibility to distinguish between different pest ages and infestation levels. By a spectral analysis of the recordings, the pest ages can be distinguished among each other, but for the age groups at 168 and 216 h after infestation. The vibration amplitude trend gradually increased up to 168–216 h after infestation, and then decreased until fly emergence. Low-infested blueberries showed a faster D. suzukii development time compared to high-infested blueberries. This was reflected into vibrational recordings, as low-infested blueberries exhibited peak amplitude at earlier stage compared to high-infested ones. Results suggest that D. suzukii larvae induce detectable vibrations by feeding within berries that are dependent on infestation level and pest age. We discuss the possible ecological role of such vibrations as cues for unintended receivers, such as predators and parasitoids, and their potential for innovative infestation detection methods.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
D. suzukii larvae feeding in fresh blueberries produce broad-band vibration pulses (0.1–2 kHz) with amplitudes of 12.1–946 µm/s.
- Taxon
- blueberriese1
- Organ / stage
- berriese2
- Interactor
- D. suzukii
Drosophila suzukiie1pest - Outcome
- incidental vibrationse1
- Value
- 12.1 and 946 µm/se2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We used a laser vibrometer to detect and characterize the incidental vibrations produced by D. suzukii larvae within fresh blueberries at five different pest age (48, 96, 168, 216 and 264 h)”
e2“The recordings of infested berries were characterized by the presence of a series of broad-band pulses (frequency range 0.1–2 kHz) without a regular temporal pattern, in an amplitude range between 12.1 and 946 µm/s”
Claim · model-written summary
Spectral analysis distinguishes pest ages from each other, except the 168 and 216 h age groups.
- Taxon
- blueberriese1
- Interactor
- D. suzukiiDrosophila suzukiie1pest
- Outcome
- pest ages can be distinguished among each othere3
- Qualifier
- but for the age groups at 168 and 216 h after infestatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We used a laser vibrometer to detect and characterize the incidental vibrations produced by D. suzukii larvae within fresh blueberries at five different pest age (48, 96, 168, 216 and 264 h)”
e3“By a spectral analysis of the recordings, the pest ages can be distinguished among each other, but for the age groups at 168 and 216 h after infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Vibration amplitude of infested blueberries increased gradually up to 168–216 h after infestation.
- Taxon
- blueberriese1
- Interactor
- D. suzukiiDrosophila suzukiie1pest
- Outcome
- vibration amplitude trende4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- up to 168–216 h after infestatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We used a laser vibrometer to detect and characterize the incidental vibrations produced by D. suzukii larvae within fresh blueberries at five different pest age (48, 96, 168, 216 and 264 h)”
e4“The vibration amplitude trend gradually increased up to 168–216 h after infestation, and then decreased until fly emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Vibration amplitude decreased after 168–216 h until fly emergence.
- Taxon
- blueberriese1
- Interactor
- D. suzukiiDrosophila suzukiie1pest
- Outcome
- vibration amplitude trende4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- until fly emergencee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We used a laser vibrometer to detect and characterize the incidental vibrations produced by D. suzukii larvae within fresh blueberries at five different pest age (48, 96, 168, 216 and 264 h)”
e4“The vibration amplitude trend gradually increased up to 168–216 h after infestation, and then decreased until fly emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-infested blueberries showed faster D. suzukii development time than high-infested blueberries.
- Taxon
- blueberriese5
- Treatment
- Low-infestede5
- Interactor
- D. suzukiiDrosophila suzukiie5pest
- Outcome
- D. suzukii development timee5
- Direction
- fastere5
- Comparator
- high-infested blueberriese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Low-infested blueberries showed a faster D. suzukii development time compared to high-infested blueberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-infested blueberries reached peak vibration amplitude at an earlier stage than high-infested ones.
- Taxon
- blueberriese6
- Treatment
- low-infestede6
- Outcome
- peak amplitude at earlier stagee6
- Comparator
- high-infested onese6
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e6“low-infested blueberries exhibited peak amplitude at earlier stage compared to high-infested ones”
Claim · model-written summary
The vibration analysis distinguishes between different pest ages and infestation levels in blueberries.
- Taxon
- blueberriese1
- Interactor
- D. suzukiiDrosophila suzukiie1pest
- Outcome
- distinguish between different pest ages and infestation levelse7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We used a laser vibrometer to detect and characterize the incidental vibrations produced by D. suzukii larvae within fresh blueberries at five different pest age (48, 96, 168, 216 and 264 h)”
e7“Furthermore, the analysis revealed the possibility to distinguish between different pest ages and infestation levels”