Abstract
Abstract Background The cryptic nature of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) larvae enables its reduced vulnerability to insecticidal control. Further, the development of resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins posed a serious threat to transgenic cotton cultivation. This necessitated determining the critical timing of spray applications on the control effectiveness. This study assessed the influence of egg age (freshly laid vs . three-day-old) and the location of larvae (directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind vs . burrowed inside the bolls) on insecticide control efficacy. Results The results revealed a significant decrease in the ovicidal activity of tested insecticides with an increase in the age of eggs from one day old to three days old (paired t -test, P < 0.05). The larvae directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind were more susceptible (> 80% mortality) than the larvae exposed after they had burrowed inside the bolls (< 49% mortality). The inhibitory effects of tested insecticides on developmental biology were more pronounced in the experiment on pre-larval release insecticide treatment compared with insecticide treatment given post-larval release and entry inside the bolls. Conclusion Egg age influences the insecticide susceptibility, as does the larval location, directly exposed vs burrowed inside the bolls. Older eggs and the larvae that had burrowed inside the green bolls of cotton were relatively less susceptible to the insecticide treatments. The toxic effects of insecticides on egg and larval stages were primarily ephemeral. These findings are significant for devising a comprehensive strategy for pink bollworm management on a sustainable basis.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Ovicidal activity significantly decreased as pink bollworm eggs aged from one to three days.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Organ / stage
- eggse0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiella
Pectinophora gossypiellat0pest - Outcome
- ovicidal activity of tested insecticidese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- one day old to three days olde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in the ovicidal activity of tested insecticides with an increase in the age of eggs from one day old to three days old (paired t -test, P < 0.05)”
t0“cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella”
Claim · model-written summary
Directly exposed larvae had more than 80% mortality and higher susceptibility than larvae burrowed inside bolls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rinde0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellat0pest
- Outcome
- larvae directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind were more susceptiblee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Value
- > 80% mortalitye0
- Qualifier
- < 49% mortalitye0
- Comparator
- larvae exposed after they had burrowed inside the bollse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The larvae directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind were more susceptible (> 80% mortality) than the larvae exposed after they had burrowed inside the bolls (< 49% mortality)”
t0“cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide treatment before larval release inhibited developmental biology more than treatment after release and boll entry.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pre-larval release insecticide treatmente0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellat0pest
- Outcome
- inhibitory effects of tested insecticides on developmental biologye0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- insecticide treatment given post-larval release and entry inside the bollse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibitory effects of tested insecticides on developmental biology were more pronounced in the experiment on pre-larval release insecticide treatment compared with insecticide treatment given post-larval release and entry inside the bolls”
t0“cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide toxicity to egg and larval stages was primarily ephemeral.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellat0pest
- Outcome
- toxic effects of insecticides on egg and larval stagese0
- Qualifier
- primarily ephemerale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The toxic effects of insecticides on egg and larval stages were primarily ephemeral”
t0“cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella”
The same questions in other papers
insecticide · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.