Abstract
Bird of paradise plants belong to families Strelitziaceae and Heliconiaceae, two close-related families in the Zingiberales order. This study aimed to study the genetic diversity and relationship of species among and within Strelitziaceae and Heliconiaceae using molecular RAPD markers and compare them to morphological characters. Samples used comprised two species from Strelitziaceae and eight species from Heliconiaceae. Twenty OPA primers showed that 17 out of 20 OPA primers were successfully amplified. Primer OPA-10 was the most informative and recommended, followed by OPA-5, OPA-7, OPA-9, OPA-11, OPA-17, OPA-18, OPA-19, and OPA-20. Heliconiaceae and Strelitziaceae were high genetic diversity (P=100%, I=0.3880.016, He=0.2370.013) with low similarities (0.09-0.39). Heliconiaceae was more genetically diverse than Strelitziaceae. Heliconiaceae produced P=98.88%, I=0.4090.017, and He=0.2540.014. Strelitziaceae produced P=60.53%, I=0.3660.049, and He=0.2510.033. The tree topology based on the RAPD marker differs slightly from morphology. However, the morphological characteristics are important to support and complement it. Strelitziaceae was strongly separated from Heliconiaceae, which supports the monophyly of both families. Heliconiaceae was separated into two subclusters and paraphyletic. Subcluster 1 comprises subgenera Heliconia and Stenochlamys. Subcluster 2 comprises subgenera Griggsia and Stenochlamys. In conclusion, the molecular RAPD marker proved the powerful of classification at the family level but moderate at subgenus, section, and species levels. Nonetheless, it is considered a simple and valuable method to provide a primary reference for taxonomic delimitation, conservation and breeding efforts of the bird of paradise plants in the future.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Seventeen of 20 OPA primers successfully amplified samples.
Verbatim
e0“Twenty OPA primers showed that 17 out of 20 OPA primers were successfully amplified.”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA-10 was the most informative primer and was recommended.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Primer OPA-10 was the most informative and recommended, followed by OPA-5, OPA-7, OPA-9, OPA-11, OPA-17, OPA-18, OPA-19, and OPA-20.”
Claim · model-written summary
The two families showed high genetic diversity and low similarity.
- Taxon
- Heliconiaceae and StrelitziaceaeHeliconiaceaeStrelitziaceaee0
- Outcome
- high genetic diversitye0
- Value
- P=100%e0
- Qualifier
- low similarities (0.09-0.39)e0
Verbatim
e0“Heliconiaceae and Strelitziaceae were high genetic diversity (P=100%, I=0.3880.016, He=0.2370.013) with low similarities (0.09-0.39).”
Claim · model-written summary
Heliconiaceae was more genetically diverse than Strelitziaceae.
- Taxon
- HeliconiaceaeHeliconiaceaee0
- Outcome
- genetically diversee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Strelitziaceaee0
Verbatim
e0“Heliconiaceae was more genetically diverse than Strelitziaceae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heliconiaceae had P=98.88%, I=0.4090.017, and He=0.2540.014.
- Taxon
- HeliconiaceaeHeliconiaceaee0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Value
- P=98.88%e0
Verbatim
e0“Heliconiaceae produced P=98.88%, I=0.4090.017, and He=0.2540.014.”
Claim · model-written summary
Strelitziaceae had P=60.53%, I=0.3660.049, and He=0.2510.033.
- Taxon
- StrelitziaceaeStrelitziaceaee0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Value
- P=60.53%e0
Verbatim
e0“Strelitziaceae produced P=60.53%, I=0.3660.049, and He=0.2510.033.”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD tree topology differed slightly from morphology.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The tree topology based on the RAPD marker differs slightly from morphology.”
Claim · model-written summary
Strelitziaceae was strongly separated from Heliconiaceae, supporting monophyly of both families.
- Taxon
- StrelitziaceaeStrelitziaceaee0
- Outcome
- strongly separatede0
- Comparator
- Heliconiaceaee0
Verbatim
e0“Strelitziaceae was strongly separated from Heliconiaceae, which supports the monophyly of both families.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heliconiaceae separated into two subclusters and was paraphyletic.
- Taxon
- HeliconiaceaeHeliconiaceaee0
- Outcome
- separated into two subclusters and paraphyletice0
Verbatim
e0“Heliconiaceae was separated into two subclusters and paraphyletic.”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD markers were powerful for classification at family level but moderate at lower ranks.
Verbatim
e0“the molecular RAPD marker proved the powerful of classification at the family level but moderate at subgenus, section, and species levels.”