Abstract
The effects of companion planting on soil antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and associated microbial composition have remained largely unclear until now. In this study, we assessed the changes in the soil microbiome and ARGs frequencies for tomato growing soils that were companion planted with basil (TB) or cilantro (TC) using a metagenome approach. The abundance of the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum was significantly lower in the TC or TB treatments compared to the tomato monoculture soils (TT). A significant enrichment of Pseudomonas and Aquabacterium and a depletion of Nocardioides and Streptomyces were observed in the TC treatment. Interestingly, both TC and TB companion planting reduced the absolute abundance and the number of subtypes of ARGs. The TC soil showed the lowest numbers of unique ARG subtypes, especially the ARGs resistant to vancomycin and rifamycin, as well as those associated with multidrug resistance. Furthermore, network analysis further revealed that Nocardioides and Streptomyces were potential hosts of ARGs, whereas Flavobacterium negatively correlated with mdtG, suggesting a suppressive effect in reducing ARGs. Together, our results suggest that the companion planting of tomatoes with basil or cilantro can reduce the risk of ARG accumulation, making it a feasible farming management tool to promote soil and plant health in sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cilantro companion planting lowered Ralstonia solanacearum abundance relative to tomato monoculture.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- TCe0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume0pathogen - Outcome
- abundance of the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearume0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- tomato monoculture soils (TT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum was significantly lower in the TC or TB treatments compared to the tomato monoculture soils (TT).”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil companion planting lowered Ralstonia solanacearum abundance relative to tomato monoculture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- TBe0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- abundance of the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearume0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- tomato monoculture soils (TT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum was significantly lower in the TC or TB treatments compared to the tomato monoculture soils (TT).”
Claim · model-written summary
Cilantro companion planting enriched Pseudomonas and Aquabacterium.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TC treatmente0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0other - Second interactor
- Aquabacterium
Aquabacteriume0other - Outcome
- Pseudomonas and Aquabacteriume0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant enrichment of Pseudomonas and Aquabacterium and a depletion of Nocardioides and Streptomyces were observed in the TC treatment.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cilantro companion planting depleted Nocardioides and Streptomyces.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TC treatmente0
- Interactor
- NocardioidesNocardioidese0other
- Second interactor
- Streptomyces
Streptomycese0other - Outcome
- Nocardioides and Streptomycese0
- Direction
- depletione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant enrichment of Pseudomonas and Aquabacterium and a depletion of Nocardioides and Streptomyces were observed in the TC treatment.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cilantro companion planting reduced absolute ARG abundance and subtype count.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TCe0
- Outcome
- absolute abundance and the number of subtypes of ARGse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both TC and TB companion planting reduced the absolute abundance and the number of subtypes of ARGs.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil companion planting reduced absolute ARG abundance and subtype count.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TBe0
- Outcome
- absolute abundance and the number of subtypes of ARGse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both TC and TB companion planting reduced the absolute abundance and the number of subtypes of ARGs.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cilantro soil had the fewest unique ARG subtypes, particularly those resistant to vancomycin, rifamycin, or multiple drugs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TC soile0
- Outcome
- numbers of unique ARG subtypese0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The TC soil showed the lowest numbers of unique ARG subtypes, especially the ARGs resistant to vancomycin and rifamycin, as well as those associated with multidrug resistance.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nocardioides and Streptomyces were identified as potential ARG hosts.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- NocardioidesNocardioidese0other
- Second interactor
- StreptomycesStreptomycese0other
- Outcome
- potential hosts of ARGse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nocardioides and Streptomyces were potential hosts of ARGs”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavobacterium was negatively correlated with mdtG.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- FlavobacteriumFlavobacteriume0other
- Gene
- mdtGe0
- Outcome
- mdtGe0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flavobacterium negatively correlated with mdtG”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose companion planting tomato with basil or cilantro as a way to reduce ARG accumulation risk.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- reduce the risk of ARG accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the companion planting of tomatoes with basil or cilantro can reduce the risk of ARG accumulation, making it a feasible farming management tool to promote soil and plant health in sustainable agriculture.”