Abstract
Phytoplasmas, rickettsiae and viruses have been detected in papaya plants with Bunchy Top disease (BT). In 2019, papaya plants with BT-like symptoms were observed in agroecosystems of Colima, Mexico. In order to determine the BT-associated phytoplasmas species or subgroups, asymptomatic and symptomatic plants were collected from papaya agroecosystems in four papaya producer municipalities, as well as papaya-associated weeds and insects. Phytoplasma detection and identification was conducted by PCR, sequencing and phylogenetics of translocase subunit SecA (secA) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16Sr) genes, and PCR-RFLPs in vitro and in silico for 16Sr gene. In papaya, phytoplasma groups 16SrI (subgroup AF), 16SrX, and 16SrXIII were identified in 2.08% (4 out of 192) symptomatic samples. The results of RFLPs in silico analysis showing the presence of 16SrX and 16SrXIII (sub)groups. In papaya-associated weeds and insects, phytoplasmas of group 16SrI (subgroups AF and B) were identified in 1.7% (3 out of 174) and 1.1% (2 out of 185) evaluated samples, respectively. Phytoplasma-carrying weeds were Amaranthus palmeri and Echinochloa colona; positive insects were Micrutalis calva and Balclutha mexicana. It is the first time that phytoplasmas 16SrI-AF, 16SrX y 16SrXIII are associated with Bunchy Top disease of papaya in agroecosystems from Colima, Mexico. Phytoplasmas 16SrX y 16SrXIII are first reported in papaya plants at the world level and in Mexico, respectively. Phytoplasma-carrying weeds and insects are new records as natural reservoirs and potential vectors.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomatic papaya samples contained phytoplasma groups 16SrI-AF, 16SrX and 16SrXIII in 2.08% of samples.
- Taxon
- papaya
_-_DPLA_-_55200ec009622d7d42349f3583df310e.jpg?width=60)
Carica papayae0 - Interactor
- phytoplasma
Candidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen - Outcome
- phytoplasma groups 16SrI (subgroup AF), 16SrX, and 16SrXIIIe0
- Value
- 2.08%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_DPLA_-_55200ec009622d7d42349f3583df310e.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In papaya, phytoplasma groups 16SrI (subgroup AF), 16SrX, and 16SrXIII were identified in 2.08% (4 out of 192) symptomatic samples.”
Claim · model-written summary
In silico RFLP analysis indicated 16SrX and 16SrXIII subgroups.
- Taxon
- papayaCarica papayat0
- Outcome
- presence of 16SrX and 16SrXIII (sub)groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of RFLPs in silico analysis showing the presence of 16SrX and 16SrXIII (sub)groups.”
t0“papaya”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytoplasmas 16SrI-AF and B were detected in 1.7% of papaya-associated weed samples.
- Taxon
- weedse0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmasCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- phytoplasmas of group 16SrI (subgroups AF and B)e0
- Value
- 1.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In papaya-associated weeds and insects, phytoplasmas of group 16SrI (subgroups AF and B) were identified in 1.7% (3 out of 174) and 1.1% (2 out of 185) evaluated samples, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytoplasmas 16SrI-AF and B were detected in 1.1% of papaya-associated insect samples.
- Interactor
- phytoplasmasCandidatus Phytoplasmae0other
- Outcome
- phytoplasmas of group 16SrI (subgroups AF and B)e0
- Value
- 1.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In papaya-associated weeds and insects, phytoplasmas of group 16SrI (subgroups AF and B) were identified in 1.7% (3 out of 174) and 1.1% (2 out of 185) evaluated samples, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amaranthus palmeri was a phytoplasma-carrying weed, newly recorded as a natural reservoir.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus palmerie0 - Outcome
- Phytoplasma-carryinge0
- Qualifier
- new records as natural reservoirs and potential vectorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoplasma-carrying weeds were Amaranthus palmeri and Echinochloa colona”
e1“Phytoplasma-carrying weeds and insects are new records as natural reservoirs and potential vectors.”
Claim · model-written summary
Echinochloa colona was a phytoplasma-carrying weed, newly recorded as a natural reservoir.
- Taxon
- Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa colonae0 - Outcome
- Phytoplasma-carryinge0
- Qualifier
- new records as natural reservoirs and potential vectorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoplasma-carrying weeds were Amaranthus palmeri and Echinochloa colona”
e1“Phytoplasma-carrying weeds and insects are new records as natural reservoirs and potential vectors.”
Claim · model-written summary
Micrutalis calva was phytoplasma-positive and a newly recorded potential vector.
- Taxon
- Micrutalis calva
Micrutalis calvae0 - Outcome
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- potential vectorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive insects were Micrutalis calva and Balclutha mexicana.”
e1“Phytoplasma-carrying weeds and insects are new records as natural reservoirs and potential vectors.”
Claim · model-written summary
Balclutha mexicana was phytoplasma-positive and a newly recorded potential vector.
Verbatim
e0“positive insects were Micrutalis calva and Balclutha mexicana.”
e1“Phytoplasma-carrying weeds and insects are new records as natural reservoirs and potential vectors.”
Claim · model-written summary
The association of phytoplasmas 16SrI-AF, 16SrX and 16SrXIII with papaya Bunchy Top was first reported in Colima.
- Taxon
- papayaCarica papayae0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmas 16SrI-AF, 16SrX y 16SrXIIIe0pathogen
- Outcome
- Bunchy Top diseasee0
- Setting
- Colima, Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is the first time that phytoplasmas 16SrI-AF, 16SrX y 16SrXIII are associated with Bunchy Top disease of papaya in agroecosystems from Colima, Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
16SrX phytoplasmas were first reported in papaya worldwide.
- Taxon
- papayaCarica papayae0
- Interactor
- 16SrXe0pathogen
- Outcome
- first reportede0
- Qualifier
- at the world levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoplasmas 16SrX y 16SrXIII are first reported in papaya plants at the world level and in Mexico, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
16SrXIII phytoplasmas were first reported in papaya in Mexico.
- Taxon
- papayaCarica papayae0
- Interactor
- 16SrXIIIe0pathogen
- Outcome
- first reportede0
- Setting
- Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoplasmas 16SrX y 16SrXIII are first reported in papaya plants at the world level and in Mexico, respectively.”