Abstract
Maize is one of the most significant cereal crops in the world, and insect pests cause the highest economic loss. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insect pests and their natural enemies during 2020 and 2022 in the maize fields of Düzce and Sakarya, Türkiye. We performed weekly surveys from the vegetative growth stage of maize to harvest from April through November. A hundred plants were selected with regular and irregular samplings from each field. In addition, light traps and pheromone traps were placed in regularly sampled fields. To detect overwintering larvae, the stalks left in the field after the harvest were cut just above the soil. In the maize fields, a total of 13 pest species from six families in four orders, along with 19 natural enemies from eight families in five orders, were identified. Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was found as the primary pest, followed by Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. and Mythimna unipuncta Haw. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Meteorus pendulus Müller (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was a new record for the East Marmara and Western Black Sea regions and a new host record in Türkiye. Larval parasitoids of M. unipuncta, Nemoraea pellucida Meigen, and Pales pavida Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) represent new host records for Türkiye. Among the predators, Orius minutus L. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and coccinellids showed an especially notable common in the maize fields of both provinces.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 13 pest species from six families in four orders were identified in maize fields.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies”
e1“a total of 13 pest species from six families in four orders”
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 19 natural enemies from eight families in five orders were identified in maize fields.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies”
e2“19 natural enemies from eight families in five orders”
Claim · model-written summary
Ostrinia nubilalis was the primary pest in maize fields.
- Interactor
- Ostrinia nubilalis
Ostrinia nubilalise3pest - Outcome
- primary peste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies”
e3“Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was found as the primary pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Helicoverpa armigera and Mythimna unipuncta followed Ostrinia nubilalis as pests in maize fields.
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerae4pest - Second interactor
- Mythimna unipuncta
Mythimna unipunctae4pest - Outcome
- followed bye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies”
e4“followed by Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. and Mythimna unipuncta Haw.”
Claim · model-written summary
Meteorus pendulus is a new record for the East Marmara and Western Black Sea regions and a new host record in Türkiye.
- Interactor
- Meteorus pendulusMeteorus penduluse5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- new recorde5
- Setting
- East Marmara and Western Black Sea regionse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies”
e5“Meteorus pendulus Müller (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was a new record for the East Marmara and Western Black Sea regions and a new host record in Türkiye”
Claim · model-written summary
Nemoraea pellucida and Pales pavida, larval parasitoids of Mythimna unipuncta, are new host records for Türkiye.
- Interactor
- Nemoraea pellucida
_.JPG?width=60)
Nemoraea pellucidae6biocontrol_agent - Second interactor
- Pales pavida
Pales pavidae6biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- new host recordse6
- Qualifier
- Larval parasitoids of M. unipunctae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies”
e6“Larval parasitoids of M. unipuncta, Nemoraea pellucida Meigen, and Pales pavida Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) represent new host records for Türkiye”
Claim · model-written summary
Orius minutus and coccinellids were notably common in maize fields of both provinces.
- Interactor
- Orius minutus
Orius minutuse7biocontrol_agent - Second interactor
- coccinellidse7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- notable commone7
- Setting
- maize fields of both provincese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies”
e7“Orius minutus L. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and coccinellids showed an especially notable common in the maize fields of both provinces”