Abstract
Addressing water scarcity and the need for high-quality forage in arid regions necessitates the development of efficient irrigation techniques. This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. Three irrigation methods-variable alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed alternate furrow irrigation (FFI), and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI)-were evaluated alongside three levels of drought stress (severe stress: I50, moderate stress: I75, and full irrigation: I100) and two sorghum cultivars. The results indicated that increasing drought stress, as well as the transition from CFI to AFI and FFI, led to reductions in metabolizable energy yield (MEY), plant height, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Conversely, there were increases in leaf-to-stem ratio, digestible organic matter, metabolizable energy content, crude protein content, and IWUE for metabolizable energy production (IWUEME). The highest MEY (211.68 GJ ha-1) was recorded under CFI×I100, albeit at the expense of maximum water consumption (7261 m3 ha-1). Meanwhile, the AFI×I50 and FFI×I50 treatments exhibited the highest IWUEME (44.46 MJ m-3) and metabolizable energy content (8.736 MJ kg-1), respectively, while conserving over 60% of water. Hybrid Speedfeed outperformed in forage yield and IWUEME, while cultivar Pegah excelled in forage quality. Transitioning from CFI to AFI or FFI resulted in decreased forage yield but improved forage quality and IWUEME. Principal component analysis revealed that leaf-to-stem ratio and plant height serve as effective indicators for assessing the nutritive value and forage yield of sorghum, respectively. Considering the overall results, cultivating the hybrid Speedfeed under AFI×I75 conditions is recommended for optimal water utilization, achieving satisfactory forage yield and quality, and enhancing IWUE.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought stress reduced metabolizable energy yield (MEY) in sorghum.
- Treatment
- increasing drought stresse1
- Outcome
- metabolizable energy yield (MEY)e1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Setting
- semi-arid region of Irane0
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e1“The results indicated that increasing drought stress, as well as the transition from CFI to AFI and FFI, led to reductions in metabolizable energy yield (MEY), plant height, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought stress reduced plant height in sorghum.
- Treatment
- increasing drought stresse1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Setting
- semi-arid region of Irane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e1“The results indicated that increasing drought stress, as well as the transition from CFI to AFI and FFI, led to reductions in metabolizable energy yield (MEY), plant height, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought stress reduced cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in sorghum.
- Treatment
- increasing drought stresse1
- Outcome
- cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignine1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Setting
- semi-arid region of Irane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e1“The results indicated that increasing drought stress, as well as the transition from CFI to AFI and FFI, led to reductions in metabolizable energy yield (MEY), plant height, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought stress increased leaf-to-stem ratio, digestible organic matter and metabolizable energy content in sorghum.
- Treatment
- increasing drought stresse1
- Outcome
- leaf-to-stem ratio, digestible organic matter, metabolizable energy contente2
- Direction
- increasese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e1“The results indicated that increasing drought stress, as well as the transition from CFI to AFI and FFI, led to reductions in metabolizable energy yield (MEY), plant height, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.”
e2“Conversely, there were increases in leaf-to-stem ratio, digestible organic matter, metabolizable energy content, crude protein content, and IWUE for metabolizable energy production (IWUEME).”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought stress increased crude protein content in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e1“The results indicated that increasing drought stress, as well as the transition from CFI to AFI and FFI, led to reductions in metabolizable energy yield (MEY), plant height, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.”
e2“Conversely, there were increases in leaf-to-stem ratio, digestible organic matter, metabolizable energy content, crude protein content, and IWUE for metabolizable energy production (IWUEME).”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought stress increased IWUE for metabolizable energy production (IWUEME) in sorghum.
- Treatment
- increasing drought stresse1
- Outcome
- IWUE for metabolizable energy production (IWUEME)e2
- Direction
- increasese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e1“The results indicated that increasing drought stress, as well as the transition from CFI to AFI and FFI, led to reductions in metabolizable energy yield (MEY), plant height, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.”
e2“Conversely, there were increases in leaf-to-stem ratio, digestible organic matter, metabolizable energy content, crude protein content, and IWUE for metabolizable energy production (IWUEME).”
Claim · model-written summary
The CFI×I100 treatment gave the highest MEY, 211.68 GJ ha-1, in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e3“The highest MEY (211.68 GJ ha-1) was recorded under CFI×I100, albeit at the expense of maximum water consumption (7261 m3 ha-1).”
Claim · model-written summary
The CFI×I100 treatment gave maximum water consumption, 7261 m3 ha-1, in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e3“The highest MEY (211.68 GJ ha-1) was recorded under CFI×I100, albeit at the expense of maximum water consumption (7261 m3 ha-1).”
Claim · model-written summary
The AFI×I50 treatment gave the highest IWUEME, 44.46 MJ m-3, in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e4“Meanwhile, the AFI×I50 and FFI×I50 treatments exhibited the highest IWUEME (44.46 MJ m-3) and metabolizable energy content (8.736 MJ kg-1), respectively, while conserving over 60% of water.”
Claim · model-written summary
The FFI×I50 treatment gave the highest metabolizable energy content, 8.736 MJ kg-1, in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e4“Meanwhile, the AFI×I50 and FFI×I50 treatments exhibited the highest IWUEME (44.46 MJ m-3) and metabolizable energy content (8.736 MJ kg-1), respectively, while conserving over 60% of water.”
Claim · model-written summary
The AFI×I50 and FFI×I50 treatments conserved over 60% of water in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e4“Meanwhile, the AFI×I50 and FFI×I50 treatments exhibited the highest IWUEME (44.46 MJ m-3) and metabolizable energy content (8.736 MJ kg-1), respectively, while conserving over 60% of water.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid Speedfeed outperformed other sorghum in forage yield and IWUEME.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e5“Hybrid Speedfeed outperformed in forage yield and IWUEME, while cultivar Pegah excelled in forage quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Pegah excelled in forage quality.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e5“Hybrid Speedfeed outperformed in forage yield and IWUEME, while cultivar Pegah excelled in forage quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transition from CFI to AFI or FFI decreased forage yield in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e6“Transitioning from CFI to AFI or FFI resulted in decreased forage yield but improved forage quality and IWUEME.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transition from CFI to AFI or FFI improved forage quality and IWUEME in sorghum.
- Treatment
- Transitioning from CFI to AFI or FFIe6
- Outcome
- forage quality and IWUEMEe6
- Direction
- improvede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e6“Transitioning from CFI to AFI or FFI resulted in decreased forage yield but improved forage quality and IWUEME.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf-to-stem ratio is an effective indicator of the nutritive value of sorghum.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e7“Principal component analysis revealed that leaf-to-stem ratio and plant height serve as effective indicators for assessing the nutritive value and forage yield of sorghum, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height is an effective indicator of the forage yield of sorghum.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e7“Principal component analysis revealed that leaf-to-stem ratio and plant height serve as effective indicators for assessing the nutritive value and forage yield of sorghum, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivating hybrid Speedfeed under AFI×I75 is recommended for optimal water utilization in sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study assesses the impact of various irrigation methods on the performance and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) of sorghum cultivars under water-deficit conditions in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.”
e7“Considering the overall results, cultivating the hybrid Speedfeed under AFI×I75 conditions is recommended for optimal water utilization, achieving satisfactory forage yield and quality, and enhancing IWUE.”