Abstract
The introduction of rye cultivation in Iraq necessitates the implementation of agrotechnological experiments. Two-year irrigated field experiments were carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate (in the southwestern region of Iraq) in 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to evaluate the performance of three European rye cultivars introduced to Iraq, focusing on the most significant agronomical and morphological characteristics. Three sowing dates (01 November, 15 November and 01 December) were tested in a split plot, randomized complete block design. We observed that both the cultivar and sowing date, but not the crop year, influenced the studied characteristics. In general, the early sowing dates enhanced the growth and development of rye and resulted in a higher yield compared to the later sowing dates. We observed that all evaluated rye cultivars can be grown safely in the agroclimatic and soil characteristics of this region. The grain yield was 3.1, 4.2 and 6.9 t ha−1 on average for all the sowing dates, and the above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively. In addition, the highest grain yield (8.8 t ha−1) was harvested in ‘Horyzo’ when it was sown on 01 November; thus, we recommend choosing ‘Horyzo’ for cultivation in Iraq and sowing it in early November. Although further study is required to improve agro-technology (such as the nutrient supply) by using a larger number of cultivars, we can conclude that rye can be grown safely in Iraq under irrigated conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar influenced the studied rye traits.
- Taxon
- rye
Secale cerealet0 - Material
- cultivare0
- Outcome
- studied characteristicse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the cultivar and sowing date, but not the crop year, influenced the studied characteristics”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing date influenced the studied rye traits.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- sowing datee0
- Outcome
- studied characteristicse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the cultivar and sowing date, but not the crop year, influenced the studied characteristics”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop year did not influence the studied rye traits.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Outcome
- studied characteristicse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Setting
- crop yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not the crop year, influenced the studied characteristics”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier sowing enhanced rye growth and development.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- early sowing datese0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- later sowing datese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early sowing dates enhanced the growth and development of rye”
e1“early sowing dates enhanced the growth and development of rye and resulted in a higher yield compared to the later sowing dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier sowing raised yield compared with later sowing.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- early sowing datese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- later sowing datese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early sowing dates enhanced the growth and development of rye and resulted in a higher yield compared to the later sowing dates”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested rye cultivars were suitable for cultivation in the region.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Outcome
- can be grown safelye0
- Qualifier
- agroclimatic and soil characteristics of this regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all evaluated rye cultivars can be grown safely in the agroclimatic and soil characteristics of this region”
Claim · model-written summary
Krzyca averaged 3.1 t per hectare of grain.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Krzycae1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 3.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was 3.1, 4.2 and 6.9 t ha−1 on average for all the sowing dates”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
e1“above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dańkowskie złote averaged 4.2 t per hectare of grain.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Dańkowskie złotee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 4.2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was 3.1, 4.2 and 6.9 t ha−1 on average for all the sowing dates”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
e1“above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Horyzo averaged 6.9 t per hectare of grain.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Horyzoe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 6.9 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was 3.1, 4.2 and 6.9 t ha−1 on average for all the sowing dates”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
e1“above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Krzyca averaged 13.6 aboveground biomass units.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Krzycae0
- Outcome
- above ground biomasse0
- Value
- 13.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Dańkowskie złote averaged 12.0 aboveground biomass units.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Dańkowskie złotee0
- Outcome
- above ground biomasse0
- Value
- 12.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Horyzo averaged 22.9 aboveground biomass units.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Horyzoe0
- Outcome
- above ground biomasse0
- Value
- 22.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Horyzo sown on 1 November yielded 8.8 t per hectare.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Horyzoe0
- Treatment
- 01 Novembere0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.8 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain yield (8.8 t ha−1) was harvested in ‘Horyzo’ when it was sown on 01 November”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Horyzo for cultivation in Iraq.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Material
- Horyzoe0
- Outcome
- choosing ‘Horyzo’ for cultivatione0
- Setting
- Iraqe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend choosing ‘Horyzo’ for cultivation in Iraq”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend sowing in early November.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Outcome
- sowing it in early Novembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing it in early November”
t0“Rye Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigated rye cultivation is feasible in Iraq.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Outcome
- can be grown safelye0
- Qualifier
- under irrigated conditionse0
- Setting
- Iraqe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rye can be grown safely in Iraq under irrigated conditions”
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