Abstract
Abstract We investigated population genetics of the native tree species Acer velutinum Boiss., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, and Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey. in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran and also F. orientalis populations in the Euro-Siberian and Colchic subregions of northern Türkiye. We used the double-digest RADseq method and genotyped 90 populations and 1,589 individuals across the distribution range of the species. Genome-wide SNPs from 28 populations of A. velutinum , 32 populations of F. orientalis , and 30 Q. castaneifolia revealed higher genetic differentiation among A. velutinum populations than among F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia . The global F ST value was lowest for F. orientalis populations and highest for A. velutinum populations, while the global F IS value was negative for A. velutinum . Demographic history analysis revealed a bottleneck during the last glacial period (11,500—115,000 Kya) for the A. velutinum populations with reduced effective population size ( Ne ). All three species show multiple bottlenecks and reduced Ne during the Quaternary. Pronounced genetic divergence among A. velutinum populations in the Hyrcanian forests compared to the other two species suggests cryptic speciation. Conversely, F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia populations showed low levels of genetic structure, suggesting that species-specific factors, such as pollen production and pollination efficiency, may have influenced the genetic patterns within these species in similar environments. The nucleotide diversity of F. orientalis populations in Iran is negatively correlated with altitude (p = 0.046). In contrast, A. velutinum populations show a significant correlation between nucleotide diversity and longitude (p = 0.008). Furthermore, the F. orientalis populations from Türkiye showed a distinct west–east genetic structure and were highly diverged from the Iranian F. orientalis populations.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic differentiation among A. velutinum populations was higher than among F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia populations.
- Taxon
- A. velutinum
Acer velutinume0 - Outcome
- genetic differentiatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- F. orientalis and Q. castaneifoliae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher genetic differentiation among A. velutinum populations than among F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia”
Claim · model-written summary
The global FST value was lowest for F. orientalis populations among the three species.
- Taxon
- F. orientalis
Fagus orientalise0 - Outcome
- global F ST valuee0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The global F ST value was lowest for F. orientalis populations and highest for A. velutinum populations”
Claim · model-written summary
The global FST value was highest for A. velutinum populations among the three species.
- Taxon
- A. velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Outcome
- global F ST valuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The global F ST value was lowest for F. orientalis populations and highest for A. velutinum populations”
Claim · model-written summary
The global FIS value was negative for A. velutinum populations.
- Taxon
- A. velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Outcome
- global F IS valuee0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while the global F IS value was negative for A. velutinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Demographic history analysis revealed a bottleneck for A. velutinum populations during the last glacial period (11,500-115,000 Kya) with reduced effective population size.
- Taxon
- A. velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Outcome
- bottlenecke0
- Value
- 11,500—115,000 Kyae0
- Qualifier
- last glacial periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Demographic history analysis revealed a bottleneck during the last glacial period (11,500—115,000 Kya) for the A. velutinum populations”
Claim · model-written summary
All three species show multiple bottlenecks and reduced effective population size during the Quaternary.
Verbatim
e0“All three species show multiple bottlenecks and reduced Ne during the Quaternary”
Claim · model-written summary
Pronounced genetic divergence among A. velutinum populations in the Hyrcanian forests compared with the other two species suggests cryptic speciation.
- Taxon
- A. velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Outcome
- genetic divergencee0
- Qualifier
- suggests cryptic speciatione0
- Setting
- Hyrcanian forestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pronounced genetic divergence among A. velutinum populations in the Hyrcanian forests compared to the other two species suggests cryptic speciation”
Claim · model-written summary
F. orientalis populations showed low levels of genetic structure.
- Taxon
- F. orientalisFagus orientalise0
- Outcome
- genetic structuree0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia populations showed low levels of genetic structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Q. castaneifolia populations showed low levels of genetic structure.
- Taxon
- Q. castaneifolia
Quercus castaneifoliae0 - Outcome
- genetic structuree0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia populations showed low levels of genetic structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Species-specific factors such as pollen production and pollination efficiency may have influenced the low genetic structure of F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia populations.
- Taxon
- F. orientalis and Q. castaneifoliaFagus orientalisQuercus castaneifoliae0
- Outcome
- genetic structuree0
- Qualifier
- pollen production and pollination efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia populations showed low levels of genetic structure, suggesting that species-specific factors, such as pollen production and pollination efficiency, may have influenced the genetic patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Nucleotide diversity of F. orientalis populations in Iran is negatively correlated with altitude (p = 0.046).
- Taxon
- F. orientalisFagus orientalise0
- Treatment
- altitudee0
- Outcome
- nucleotide diversitye0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- p = 0.046e0
- Setting
- Irane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nucleotide diversity of F. orientalis populations in Iran is negatively correlated with altitude (p = 0.046)”
Claim · model-written summary
A. velutinum populations show a significant correlation between nucleotide diversity and longitude (p = 0.008).
- Taxon
- A. velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- longitudee0
- Outcome
- nucleotide diversitye0
- Qualifier
- p = 0.008e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. velutinum populations show a significant correlation between nucleotide diversity and longitude (p = 0.008)”
Claim · model-written summary
F. orientalis populations from Türkiye showed a distinct west-east genetic structure.
- Taxon
- F. orientalisFagus orientalise0
- Outcome
- west–east genetic structuree0
- Direction
- distincte0
- Setting
- Türkiyee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the F. orientalis populations from Türkiye showed a distinct west–east genetic structure and were highly diverged from the Iranian F. orientalis populations”
Claim · model-written summary
F. orientalis populations from Türkiye were highly diverged from the Iranian F. orientalis populations.
- Taxon
- F. orientalisFagus orientalise0
- Outcome
- divergede0
- Direction
- highly divergede0
- Comparator
- Iranian F. orientalis populationse0
- Setting
- Türkiyee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the F. orientalis populations from Türkiye showed a distinct west–east genetic structure and were highly diverged from the Iranian F. orientalis populations”