Abstract
A survey of plant-parasitic nematode genera associated with roots of mature date palm trees was conducted in central Iraq to study their occurrence, population density, and geographical distribution. This study in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbela, Najaf, and Wasit governorates was conducted from 2019 to 2023, during the months from October to April. A total of 150 soil and root samples were gathered from 46 fields, and plant-parasitic nematodes were extracted and morphologically identified to genus level. Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala. Population density was low in Baghdad. High population density was recorded for Meloidogyne spp. (37,625 J2/1,000 cm 3 of soil) and the lowest population density occurred with Paratylenchus spp. (20 nematodes/1,000 cm 3 of soil) in Diyala (Al-Jadidah). This appears to be the first report of occurrences of plant-parasitic nematodes of date palm in central Iraq.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes occur on date palm in central Iraq.
- Taxon
- date palm
Phoenix dactyliferat0 - Interactor
- plant-parasitic nematodese0pathogen
- Outcome
- genera of plant-parasitic nematodese0
- Value
- Elevene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Tylenchorhynchus spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 20% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Tylenchorhynchus spp.Tylenchorhynchuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Setting
- Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najafe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Meloidogyne spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 17.3% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee0pathogen - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 17.3%e0
- Setting
- Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Paratylenchus spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 16% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Paratylenchus spp.Paratylenchuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Setting
- Diyala and Najafe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Helicotylenchus spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 12% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Helicotylenchus spp.
Helicotylenchuse0pathogen - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Setting
- Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Tylenchus spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 12% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Setting
- Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphelenchoides spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 6.7% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Aphelenchoides spp.
Aphelenchoidese0pathogen - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 6.7%e0
- Setting
- Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Pratylenchus spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 4% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus spp.
Pratylenchuse0pathogen - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Setting
- Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Ditylenchus spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 3.3% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Ditylenchus spp.
.jpg?width=60)
Ditylenchuse0pathogen - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 3.3%e0
- Setting
- Babil and Najafe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoplolaimus spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 1.3% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Hoplolaimus spp.Hoplolaimuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 1.3%e0
- Setting
- Diyalae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterodera spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 0.7% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Heterodera spp.
Heteroderae0pathogen - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 0.7%e0
- Setting
- Diyalae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Scutellonema spp. occurred on date palm roots in central Iraq at 0.7% frequency in the listed governorates.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Scutellonema spp.Scutellonemae0pathogen
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 0.7%e0
- Setting
- Diyalae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e0“Eleven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp. (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala”
Claim · model-written summary
Population density of plant-parasitic nematodes on date palm was low in Baghdad.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Outcome
- Population densitye6
- Direction
- lowe6
- Setting
- Baghdade6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e6“Population density was low in Baghdad”
Claim · model-written summary
Meloidogyne spp. had the highest population density on date palm, 37,625 J2 per 1,000 cm3 of soil, in Diyala.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee7pathogen
- Outcome
- population densitye7
- Direction
- Highe7
- Value
- 37,625 J2/1,000 cm 3 of soile7
- Setting
- Diyala (Al-Jadidah)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e7“High population density was recorded for Meloidogyne spp. (37,625 J2/1,000 cm 3 of soil) and the lowest population density occurred with Paratylenchus spp. (20 nematodes/1,000 cm 3 of soil) in Diyala (Al-Jadidah)”
Claim · model-written summary
Paratylenchus spp. had the lowest population density on date palm, 20 nematodes per 1,000 cm3 of soil, in Diyala.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- Paratylenchus spp.Paratylenchuse7pathogen
- Outcome
- population densitye7
- Direction
- loweste7
- Value
- 20 nematodes/1,000 cm 3 of soile7
- Setting
- Diyala (Al-Jadidah)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
e7“High population density was recorded for Meloidogyne spp. (37,625 J2/1,000 cm 3 of soil) and the lowest population density occurred with Paratylenchus spp. (20 nematodes/1,000 cm 3 of soil) in Diyala (Al-Jadidah)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant-parasitic nematode occurrence on date palm in central Iraq is reported here for the first time.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferat0
- Interactor
- plant-parasitic nematodese7pathogen
- Outcome
- occurrences of plant-parasitic nematodese7
- Qualifier
- first reporte7
- Setting
- central Iraqe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Associated with Date Palm”
t1“Central Iraq”
e7“This appears to be the first report of occurrences of plant-parasitic nematodes of date palm in central Iraq”