Abstract
ABSTRACT Kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ) production in northeastern Türkiye is facing an emerging threat from Armillaria root rot. Surveys conducted in August 2021 and 2022 revealed that 10.5%–17.5% of the 200–500 vines within each of 35 kiwifruit orchards in the Perşembe, Gülyalı and Altınordu districts of Ordu province exhibited symptoms of Armillaria root rot, including complete defoliation. Diseased plants exhibited diagnostic signs on their root collars and woody roots, including white mycelial fans, extensive wood rot and rhizomorphs. A single Armillaria isolate was obtained from each of the 35 symptomatic orchards. Molecular identification, employing DNA sequencing of the large subunit (LSU) region of rDNA, the translation elongation factor subunit 1‐alpha ( TEF1 ) gene and the second largest RNA polymerase II B‐subunit ( RPB2 ) gene, identified 20 isolates as Armillaria gallica and 15 as A . mellea . Phylogenetic analyses, based on TEF1 alignments, further supported the species identification with a 100% bootstrap value. To examine genetic diversity, start codon targeted (SCoT) marker 13 was used, successfully differentiating the two Armillaria species and revealing three distinct clades. Clades I and II comprised 15 and 5 isolates of A . gallica , respectively, while Clade III contained all 15 A . mellea isolates. Pathogenicity testing on kiwifruit seedlings (cv. Hayward) revealed the ability of both A . gallica and A . mellea isolates to induce disease. Rhizomorph‐producing isolates in kiwifruit seedlings displayed high virulence, inducing severe leaf necrosis and seedling mortality, while isolates lacking these structures were non‐pathogenic. This study identifies the first global instance of A . gallica causing kiwifruit root rot. This finding, along with the identification of A . mellea as a causal agent in the country, highlights the emerging threat of Armillaria root rot to kiwifruit production in the region.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Between 10.5% and 17.5% of vines in each of 35 orchards showed Armillaria root rot symptoms.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae1 - Interactor
- Armillaria
Armillariae1pathogen - Outcome
- symptoms of Armillaria root rote1
- Value
- 10.5%–17.5%e1
- Setting
- Ordu provincee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Surveys conducted in August 2021 and 2022 revealed that 10.5%–17.5% of the 200–500 vines within each of 35 kiwifruit orchards in the Perşembe, Gülyalı and Altınordu districts of Ordu province exhibited symptoms of Armillaria root rot, including complete defoliation”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty isolates were identified as Armillaria gallica.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Armillaria gallica
Armillaria gallicae2pathogen - Outcome
- identified 20 isolates as Armillaria gallicae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kiwifruit Vine Decline”
e2“identified 20 isolates as Armillaria gallica and 15 as A . mellea”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifteen isolates were identified as A. mellea.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- A . mellea
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Armillaria melleae2pathogen - Outcome
- 15 as A . melleae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Kiwifruit Vine Decline”
e2“identified 20 isolates as Armillaria gallica and 15 as A . mellea”
Claim · model-written summary
Clades I and II comprise 15 and 5 isolates of A. gallica.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- A . gallicaArmillaria gallicae3pathogen
- Outcome
- isolates of A . gallicae3
- Value
- 15 and 5e3
- Qualifier
- Clades I and IIe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kiwifruit Vine Decline”
e3“Clades I and II comprised 15 and 5 isolates of A . gallica , respectively, while Clade III contained all 15 A . mellea isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Clade III contains all 15 A. mellea isolates.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- A . melleaArmillaria melleae3pathogen
- Outcome
- Clade III contained all 15 A . mellea isolatese3
- Value
- 15e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kiwifruit Vine Decline”
e3“Clades I and II comprised 15 and 5 isolates of A . gallica , respectively, while Clade III contained all 15 A . mellea isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Both A. gallica and A. mellea isolates induce disease in kiwifruit seedlings.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- cv. Haywarde4
- Interactor
- A . gallicaArmillaria gallicae4pathogen
- Second interactor
- A . melleaArmillaria melleae4pathogen
- Outcome
- induce diseasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kiwifruit Vine Decline”
e4“Pathogenicity testing on kiwifruit seedlings (cv. Hayward) revealed the ability of both A . gallica and A . mellea isolates to induce disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizomorph-producing isolates cause severe leaf necrosis and seedling mortality in kiwifruit seedlings.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae5
- Outcome
- severe leaf necrosis and seedling mortalitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Rhizomorph‐producing isolates in kiwifruit seedlings displayed high virulence, inducing severe leaf necrosis and seedling mortality, while isolates lacking these structures were non‐pathogenic”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolates lacking rhizomorphs are non-pathogenic to kiwifruit seedlings.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae5
- Outcome
- isolates lacking these structures were non‐pathogenice5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Rhizomorph‐producing isolates in kiwifruit seedlings displayed high virulence, inducing severe leaf necrosis and seedling mortality, while isolates lacking these structures were non‐pathogenic”
Claim · model-written summary
This is the first global instance of A. gallica causing kiwifruit root rot.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- A . gallicaArmillaria gallicae6pathogen
- Outcome
- first global instance of A . gallica causing kiwifruit root rote6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kiwifruit Vine Decline”
e6“This study identifies the first global instance of A . gallica causing kiwifruit root rot”
Claim · model-written summary
A. mellea is a causal agent of kiwifruit root rot in the country.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- A . melleaArmillaria melleae7pathogen
- Outcome
- identification of A . mellea as a causal agent in the countrye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kiwifruit Vine Decline”
e7“along with the identification of A . mellea as a causal agent in the country”