Abstract
Insecticide applications are an essential aspect of agriculture to control pests and diseases. Traditional pest control methods are time-consuming, and exposure to chemicals causes serious health problems, such as cancer, breathing difficulties, and damage to the nervous system of human beings. The present study focused on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer for insecticide application on cotton crops. The UAV sprayer was evaluated in a cotton field at 3 levels of flight height (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 m) and flight speeds (4.0, 4.5, 5.0 m/s) for effective spray distribution. The optimized operational parameters of flight speed of 4.0 m/s and flight height of 1.5 m were suggested by Design expert. The UAV was capable of spraying the liquid at the top, middle, and bottom positions of leaves satisfactorily. The VMD observed to increase with an increase in flight height and a decrease in flight speed. A similar trend was observed for NMD also. The droplet size (VMD) of cotton crop varied from 444 to 353.11 μm, and NMD varied from 49.33 to 95 μm. The droplet density decreases as flight height and flight speed increase, and the droplet density varied from 198.22 to 353.33 droplets/cm2. The reduction in the whitefly population was found to be 73.52%, and an 88.58% reduction in the pink bollworm larvae population was found in the cotton.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
A flight speed of 4.0 m/s and height of 1.5 m were suggested as optimized settings.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Outcome
- optimized operational parameterse0
- Value
- 4.0 m/se0
- Qualifier
- flight height of 1.5 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimized operational parameters of flight speed of 4.0 m/s and flight height of 1.5 m were suggested by Design expert.”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The UAV sprayed cotton leaves satisfactorily at top, middle, and bottom positions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- spraying the liquid at the top, middle, and bottom positions of leaves satisfactorilye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The UAV was capable of spraying the liquid at the top, middle, and bottom positions of leaves satisfactorily.”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Volume median diameter increased as flight height increased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- flight heighte0
- Outcome
- VMDe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The VMD observed to increase with an increase in flight height”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Volume median diameter increased as flight speed decreased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- flight speede0
- Outcome
- VMDe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The VMD observed to increase with an increase in flight height and a decrease in flight speed.”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Number median diameter followed the same trend as volume median diameter across flight settings.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- flight heighte1
- Outcome
- NMDe0
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar trend was observed for NMD also.”
e1“The VMD observed to increase with an increase in flight height and a decrease in flight speed.”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton spray droplet VMD varied from 444 to 353.11 μm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- droplet size (VMD)e0
- Direction
- variede0
- Value
- 444 to 353.11 μme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The droplet size (VMD) of cotton crop varied from 444 to 353.11 μm”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton spray droplet NMD varied from 49.33 to 95 μm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- NMDe0
- Direction
- variede0
- Value
- 49.33 to 95 μme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NMD varied from 49.33 to 95 μm”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Droplet density decreased with increasing flight height.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- flight heighte0
- Outcome
- droplet densitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The droplet density decreases as flight height and flight speed increase”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Droplet density decreased with increasing flight speed.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- flight speede0
- Outcome
- droplet densitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The droplet density decreases as flight height and flight speed increase”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Droplet density varied from 198.22 to 353.33 droplets/cm2.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- droplet densitye0
- Value
- 198.22 to 353.33 droplets/cm2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the droplet density varied from 198.22 to 353.33 droplets/cm2”
t0“cotton crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly population in cotton was reduced by 73.52%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- insecticide applicatione1
- Interactor
- whiteflye0pest
- Outcome
- whitefly populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 73.52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in the whitefly population was found to be 73.52%”
e1“The present study focused on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer for insecticide application on cotton crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pink bollworm larvae population in cotton was reduced by 88.58%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- insecticide applicatione1
- Interactor
- pink bollworm
Pectinophora gossypiellae0pest - Outcome
- pink bollworm larvae populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 88.58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an 88.58% reduction in the pink bollworm larvae population was found in the cotton”
e1“The present study focused on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer for insecticide application on cotton crops.”
The same questions in other papers
insecticide · pest · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
50 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
72 papers more in this group
See all 76 papers →insecticide · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.