Abstract
BACKGROUND: Angiosperms are the largest plant group and play an essential role in the biosphere. Phylogenetic relationships of many families and orders remain contentious, and, in an attempt to address these, we performed the most extensive sampling of mitochondrial genes to date. RESULTS: We reconstructed a seed plant phylogenetic framework based on 41 mitochondrial protein-coding sequences (mtCDSs), representing 335 families and 63 orders with 481 angiosperm species. The results for major clades of angiosperms produced moderate to strong support (> 70% bootstrap) for more than 80% of nodes and strong support for most orders. Eight major nodes were supported, including the three paraphyletic ANA orders (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales) and five major core-angiosperm clades. Chloranthales and Ceratophyllales are sister to the eudicots, whereas the monocots are sister to the magnoliids. Although well-supported, relationships within the asterids and rosids were in some cases unresolved or weakly supported, due to the low levels of variability detected in these genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that mitochondrial genomic data were effective at resolving deep node relationships of angiosperm phylogeny and thus represent an important resource for phylogenetics and evolutionary studies of angiosperm.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The mitochondrial framework represented 335 families, 63 orders and 481 angiosperm species.
Verbatim
e0“We reconstructed a seed plant phylogenetic framework based on 41 mitochondrial protein-coding sequences (mtCDSs), representing 335 families and 63 orders with 481 angiosperm species”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 80% of major clade nodes received over 70% bootstrap support.
- Taxon
- angiospermsMagnoliopsidae0
- Outcome
- supporte0
- Value
- > 70% bootstrape0
- Qualifier
- more than 80% of nodese0
Verbatim
e0“The results for major clades of angiosperms produced moderate to strong support (> 70% bootstrap) for more than 80% of nodes and strong support for most orders”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight major nodes were supported, including three paraphyletic ANA orders and five core angiosperm clades.
Verbatim
e0“Eight major nodes were supported, including the three paraphyletic ANA orders (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales) and five major core-angiosperm clades”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloranthales and Ceratophyllales were sister to eudicots.
- Taxon
- Chloranthales and CeratophyllalesCeratophyllalesChloranthalese0
- Outcome
- sister to the eudicotse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Chloranthales and Ceratophyllales are sister to the eudicots”
Claim · model-written summary
Monocots were sister to magnoliids.
- Taxon
- monocotsLiliopsidae0
- Outcome
- sister to the magnoliidse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the monocots are sister to the magnoliids”
Claim · model-written summary
Some asterid and rosid relationships were unresolved or weakly supported.
Verbatim
e0“relationships within the asterids and rosids were in some cases unresolved or weakly supported, due to the low levels of variability detected in these genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Mitochondrial genomic data effectively resolved deep angiosperm nodes.
Verbatim
e0“mitochondrial genomic data were effective at resolving deep node relationships of angiosperm phylogeny”