Abstract
Utilizing nanotechnology for weed management offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic herbicides. This study evaluated the effectiveness of sunn hemp extract (SH), Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs), and Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs in inhibiting the germination of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), and lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album L.) weeds. The structural characteristics of the NPs were analyzed using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Brunner–Emmet–Teller (BET), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimal Fe3O4 NP concentration for reducing seed germination ranged from 3000 to 3100 mg L−1. Higher concentrations of SH extract (100, 150, and 200 g L−1) effectively inhibited weed seed germination with A. retroflexus displaying the highest sensitivity. The maximal effective concentration (NOECmax) for Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs was 10 g L−1 for S. arvensis, 150 g L−1 for A. retroflexus, and 200 g L−1 for C. album. Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs led to a reduction in 1/D50 and an increase in EEC50, indicating a rise in sensitivity to Fe3O4 NPs, particularly in S. arvensis. Variations in species responses to SH, Fe3O4 NPs, and Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs are likely influenced by genetic, physiological, and ecological factors. Overall, the findings suggest that utilizing Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs offers an effective strategy for sustainable weed management.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal Fe3O4 nanoparticle concentration for reducing weed germination was 3000 to 3100 mg L−1.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)
Crotalaria junceat0 - Treatment
- Fe3O4 NP concentratione0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 3000 to 3100 mg L−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal Fe3O4 NP concentration for reducing seed germination ranged from 3000 to 3100 mg L−1”
t0“Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sunn hemp extract concentrations inhibited weed seed germination, with A. retroflexus most sensitive.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)Crotalaria junceat0
- Treatment
- SH extract (100, 150, and 200 g L−1)e0
- Interactor
- A. retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexuse0weed - Outcome
- weed seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher concentrations of SH extract (100, 150, and 200 g L−1) effectively inhibited weed seed germination with A. retroflexus displaying the highest sensitivity”
t0“Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)”
Claim · model-written summary
For S. arvensis, the maximal effective Fe3O4/sunn hemp nanoparticle concentration was 10 g L−1.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)Crotalaria junceat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPse0
- Interactor
- S. arvensis
Mutarda arvensise0weed - Outcome
- maximal effective concentration (NOECmax)e0
- Value
- 10 g L−1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximal effective concentration (NOECmax) for Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs was 10 g L−1 for S. arvensis”
t0“Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)”
Claim · model-written summary
For A. retroflexus, the maximal effective Fe3O4/sunn hemp nanoparticle concentration was 150 g L−1.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)Crotalaria junceat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 Nanoparticlest0
- Interactor
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0weed
- Outcome
- Weed Seed Germinationt0
- Value
- 150 g L−1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“150 g L−1 for A. retroflexus”
t0“The Efficacy of Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Controlling Weed Seed Germination”
Claim · model-written summary
For C. album, the maximal effective Fe3O4/sunn hemp nanoparticle concentration was 200 g L−1.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)Crotalaria junceat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 Nanoparticlest0
- Interactor
- C. album
Chenopodium albume0weed - Outcome
- Weed Seed Germinationt0
- Value
- 200 g L−1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“200 g L−1 for C. album”
t0“The Efficacy of Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Controlling Weed Seed Germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4/sunn hemp nanoparticles reduced 1/D50.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)Crotalaria junceat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPse0
- Outcome
- 1/D50e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs led to a reduction in 1/D50 and an increase in EEC50”
t0“Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4/sunn hemp nanoparticles increased EEC50.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)Crotalaria junceat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPse0
- Outcome
- EEC50e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs led to a reduction in 1/D50 and an increase in EEC50”
t0“Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Fe3O4/sunn hemp nanoparticles for sustainable weed management.
- Taxon
- Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)Crotalaria junceat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPse0
- Outcome
- sustainable weed managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“utilizing Fe3O4/sunn hemp NPs offers an effective strategy for sustainable weed management”
t0“Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea)”