Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting wheat production. Salt in the soil is a major environmental stressor that can affect the bacterial community in the rhizosphere of wheat. The bacteria in the plant’s rhizosphere promote growth and stress tolerance, which vary by variety and location. Nevertheless, the soil harbors some of the most diverse microbial communities, while the rhizosphere selectively recruits according to the needs of plants in a complex harmonic regulation. The microbial composition and diversity under normal and saline conditions were assessed by comparing the rhizosphere of wheat with soil using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, highlighting the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Taxonomic analyzes showed that the bacterial community was predominantly and characteristically composed of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Fibrobacteres, representing the usual microbial profile for the rhizosphere of wheat. Idiomarinaceae, Rheinheimera, Halomonas, and Pseudomonas (a strain of Proteobacteria), together with Gracilibacillus (a strain of Firmicutes Bacilli), were recognized as microbial signatures for the rhizosphere microbiome under saline conditions. This was observed even with unchanged soil type and genotype. These patterns occurred despite the same soil type and genotype, with salinity being the only variable. The collective action of these bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere not only improves nutrient availability but also induces systemic resistance in the plants. This synergistic effect improves plant resistance to salt stress and supports the development of salt-tolerant wheat varieties. These microbial signatures could improve our understanding of plant–microbe interactions and support the development of microbiome-based solutions for salt stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The wheat rhizosphere bacterial community was predominantly composed of six listed phyla.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- ProteobacteriaPseudomonadotae0other
- Outcome
- bacterial communitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacterial community was predominantly and characteristically composed of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Fibrobacteres”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Idiomarinaceae was identified as a signature of the wheat rhizosphere under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- saline conditionse0
- Interactor
- IdiomarinaceaeIdiomarinaceaee0other
- Outcome
- microbial signaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Idiomarinaceae, Rheinheimera, Halomonas, and Pseudomonas (a strain of Proteobacteria), together with Gracilibacillus (a strain of Firmicutes Bacilli), were recognized as microbial signatures for the rhizosphere microbiome under saline conditions”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rheinheimera was identified as a signature of the wheat rhizosphere under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- RheinheimeraRheinheimerae0other
- Outcome
- microbial signaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Idiomarinaceae, Rheinheimera, Halomonas, and Pseudomonas (a strain of Proteobacteria), together with Gracilibacillus (a strain of Firmicutes Bacilli), were recognized as microbial signatures for the rhizosphere microbiome under saline conditions”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Halomonas was identified as a signature of the wheat rhizosphere under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- microbial signaturese0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
HalomonasOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Idiomarinaceae, Rheinheimera, Halomonas, and Pseudomonas (a strain of Proteobacteria), together with Gracilibacillus (a strain of Firmicutes Bacilli), were recognized as microbial signatures for the rhizosphere microbiome under saline conditions”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas was identified as a signature of the wheat rhizosphere under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0other - Outcome
- microbial signaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Idiomarinaceae, Rheinheimera, Halomonas, and Pseudomonas (a strain of Proteobacteria), together with Gracilibacillus (a strain of Firmicutes Bacilli), were recognized as microbial signatures for the rhizosphere microbiome under saline conditions”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gracilibacillus was identified as a signature of the wheat rhizosphere under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- GracilibacillusGracilibacilluse0other
- Outcome
- microbial signaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Idiomarinaceae, Rheinheimera, Halomonas, and Pseudomonas (a strain of Proteobacteria), together with Gracilibacillus (a strain of Firmicutes Bacilli), were recognized as microbial signatures for the rhizosphere microbiome under saline conditions”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported microbial signatures persisted with soil type and genotype unchanged.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- This was observede0
- Qualifier
- unchanged soil type and genotypee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was observed even with unchanged soil type and genotype”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret rhizosphere bacteria as improving nutrient availability.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- bacterial phylae0other
- Outcome
- nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- improvese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The collective action of these bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere not only improves nutrient availability but also induces systemic resistance in the plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret rhizosphere bacteria as inducing systemic resistance in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- bacterial phylae0other
- Outcome
- systemic resistancee0
- Direction
- inducese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The collective action of these bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere not only improves nutrient availability but also induces systemic resistance in the plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the microbial synergy as improving plant salt resistance.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- plant resistance to salt stresse0
- Direction
- improvese0
- Qualifier
- synergistic effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This synergistic effect improves plant resistance to salt stress and supports the development of salt-tolerant wheat varieties”
t0“Wheat”