Abstract
Abstract Background and goals In Baja California, Mexico, the occurrence of grapevine leafroll (GLD) and grapevine red blotch (GRBD) diseases and the presence of the vine mealybug (vector of some grapevine leafroll-associated viruses) have been recognized. In this work, an epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and incidence in Baja California, Mexico, of symptomatic plants associated with both diseases. Methods and key findings Randomly-selected vineyards were surveyed to determine prevalence of GLD and GRBD, based on symptom evaluation in quadrats of 1000 grapevines. Results showed that 92% of sites had symptomatic plants, with an average prevalence of 20% (minimum = 0%, maximum = 92%). The main variables positively associated with disease prevalence were percentage of vine mealybug-infested plants per site, soil temperature, and accumulated heat units; ambient temperature was negatively associated with disease prevalence. Disease incidence determined during three growing seasons (2021 to 2023) in quadrats of 2500 grapevines in five vineyards revealed an average increase of 1.7% and 9% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. One site with the absence of vine mealybug showed the lowest percentage of symptomatic plants. Cabernet Sauvignon and Nebbiolo showed more symptomatic plants than Merlot. Virus infection in 137 symptomatic and 53 asymptomatic grapevines was tested by real-time PCR for grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1, -2, -3, and -4, and grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV). The diagnosis based on symptoms had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 52%, with respect to real-time PCR results. Conclusions and significance The presence and widespread distribution of GLD and GRBD underscore the need to implement regional management programs in Baja California vineyards.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomatic plants were found at 92% of the surveyed sites in Baja California.
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e1“Results showed that 92% of sites had symptomatic plants, with an average prevalence of 20% (minimum = 0%, maximum = 92%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average disease prevalence across sites was 20%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e1“Results showed that 92% of sites had symptomatic plants, with an average prevalence of 20% (minimum = 0%, maximum = 92%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease prevalence was positively associated with the percentage of vine mealybug-infested plants per site.
- Interactor
- vine mealybug
Planococcus ficuse2pest - Outcome
- disease prevalencee2
- Direction
- positively associatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e2“The main variables positively associated with disease prevalence were percentage of vine mealybug-infested plants per site, soil temperature, and accumulated heat units”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease prevalence was positively associated with soil temperature.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e2“The main variables positively associated with disease prevalence were percentage of vine mealybug-infested plants per site, soil temperature, and accumulated heat units”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease prevalence was positively associated with accumulated heat units.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e2“The main variables positively associated with disease prevalence were percentage of vine mealybug-infested plants per site, soil temperature, and accumulated heat units”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient temperature was negatively associated with disease prevalence.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e3“ambient temperature was negatively associated with disease prevalence”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence increased by an average of 1.7% in 2022 across five vineyards.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e4“Disease incidence determined during three growing seasons (2021 to 2023) in quadrats of 2500 grapevines in five vineyards revealed an average increase of 1.7% and 9% in 2022 and 2023, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence increased by an average of 9% in 2023 across five vineyards.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e4“Disease incidence determined during three growing seasons (2021 to 2023) in quadrats of 2500 grapevines in five vineyards revealed an average increase of 1.7% and 9% in 2022 and 2023, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The site without vine mealybug had the lowest percentage of symptomatic plants.
- Interactor
- vine mealybugPlanococcus ficuse5pest
- Outcome
- percentage of symptomatic plantse5
- Direction
- loweste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e5“One site with the absence of vine mealybug showed the lowest percentage of symptomatic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabernet Sauvignon and Nebbiolo showed more symptomatic plants than Merlot.
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignon and Nebbioloe6
- Outcome
- symptomatic plantse6
- Direction
- moree6
- Comparator
- Merlote6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e6“Cabernet Sauvignon and Nebbiolo showed more symptomatic plants than Merlot”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptom-based diagnosis had a sensitivity of 90% against real-time PCR.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e7“The diagnosis based on symptoms had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 52%, with respect to real-time PCR results”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptom-based diagnosis had a specificity of 52% against real-time PCR.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e7“The diagnosis based on symptoms had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 52%, with respect to real-time PCR results”
Claim · model-written summary
The presence and spread of the two diseases call for regional management programs in Baja California vineyards.
- Outcome
- regional management programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Epidemiological Survey of Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Diseases in Baja California, Mexico”
e0“The presence and widespread distribution of GLD and GRBD underscore the need to implement regional management programs in Baja California vineyards”