Abstract
Harvest Weed Seed Control (HWSC) tactics aim to reduce weed dissemination and are considered promising approaches for future Integrated Weed Management (IWM) strategies. To be effective however, HWSC requires that target species have high seed retention at crop harvest. Here, a multi-year assessment of seed shedding was conducted across large geographical areas in the UK and Italy, for pernicious grass weed species that infest winter wheat and soybean crops. In the UK, an eight year assessment of Alopecurus myosuroides seed shedding was carried out in winter wheat crops. In Italy, seed shedding studies were conducted for three years, assessing A. myosuroides, Avena spp. and Lolium perenne ssp . multiflorum in winter wheat, and Sorghum halepense and Echinochloa crus-galli in soybean crops. Our results demonstrate low levels of seed retention (approximately 20 %) for A. myosuroides and Avena spp. at harvest, while higher mean seed retention (49 %) was found for L. perenne ssp . multiflorum. As such, Avena spp. and A. myosuroides are not good targets for HWSC across the studied locations, while HWSC could significantly contribute to L. perenne ssp . multiflorum management if combined with further control tactics. Seed retention at soybean harvest was on average 50 % for E. crus-galli, but higher at approximately 75 % for S. halepense . HWSC could therefore have a considerable impact on S. halepense populations in Italian soybean fields, but only an intermediate-low impact on E. crus-galli populations. Importantly however, we also find evidence for significant spatial and temporal variability in the extent of seed retention for all species. This study demonstrates that the potential for HWSC varies considerably between target weed species and highlights the importance of inter-annual variation in determining its expected performance. • Average seed retention ranged between 25 % and 75 % across the studied species • Considerable inter-annual and geographical variation in seed retention observed • Lower seed retention was observed for grassweeds in wheat crops than in soybean • HWSC efficacy is likely to vary considerably amongst species, sites, and years
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Alopecurus myosuroides retained approximately 20% of seed at wheat harvest.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Interactor
- A. myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroidese0weed - Outcome
- seed retentione0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- approximately 20 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low levels of seed retention (approximately 20 %) for A. myosuroides and Avena spp. at harvest”
e1“winter wheat crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Avena retained approximately 20% of seed at wheat harvest.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- seed retentione0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- approximately 20 %e0
AvenaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low levels of seed retention (approximately 20 %) for A. myosuroides and Avena spp. at harvest”
e1“winter wheat crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum had mean seed retention of 49% at wheat harvest.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- L. perenne ssp . multiflorum
Lolium perennee0weed - Outcome
- seed retentione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 49 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher mean seed retention (49 %) was found for L. perenne ssp . multiflorum”
e1“winter wheat crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Echinochloa crus-galli retained on average 50% of seed at soybean harvest.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Interactor
- E. crus-galli
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- Seed retentione0
- Value
- 50 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed retention at soybean harvest was on average 50 % for E. crus-galli”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum halepense retained approximately 75% of seed at soybean harvest.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- S. halepense
.jpg?width=60)
Sorghum halepensee0weed - Outcome
- Seed retentione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- approximately 75 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Seed retention at soybean harvest was on average 50 % for E. crus-galli, but higher at approximately 75 % for S. halepense”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed retention varied significantly by location and year for all studied species.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- seed retentione0
- Qualifier
- spatial and temporal variabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant spatial and temporal variability in the extent of seed retention for all species”
e1“winter wheat crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged Alopecurus and Avena poor harvest weed seed control targets.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- not good targets for HWSCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Avena spp. and A. myosuroides are not good targets for HWSC across the studied locations”
e1“winter wheat crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged harvest weed seed control potentially useful against Lolium with other tactics.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- L. perenne ssp . multiflorumLolium perennee0weed
- Outcome
- HWSC could significantly contribute to L. perenne ssp . multiflorum managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HWSC could significantly contribute to L. perenne ssp . multiflorum management if combined with further control tactics”
e1“winter wheat crops”