Abstract
The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the key pests of cotton in the world. Farmers often use insecticides to control this pest, but various factors impact their effectiveness, with water quality being one of the most important yet frequently neglected. Using impure water as a solvent can significantly decrease insecticide performance due to unfavourable pH levels. To address this critical issue and the significant research gap, this study was conducted to evaluate the impact of water pH on the performance of synthetic and bio-insecticides. A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1. Various synthetics (Novaluron, Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin benzoate, and Gamma-Cyhalothrin) and botanical insecticides (Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, Calotropis procera, and Datura stramoniums) were screened for their effectiveness against P. gossypiella. Both synthetic and botanicals insecticides were dissolved with various water pH levels (4-10). All insecticides were applied at their recommended dose and data was recorded before spray, whereas subsequent observations were taken after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours of the spray. There were a total of two sprays that were done at 15 days interval. Five plants were randomly selected to record infestation of P. gossypiella from flowers, buds, twigs, and bolls. ANOVA with LSD and Correlation co-efficient were analyzed through statistical software Statistix 8.1. The results further revealed that all applied synthetic insecticides were more effective than the botanical treatments. However, among the applied botanicals, Azadirachta indica (2.00±0.19 and 1.95±0.13 larvae/plant) gave the maximum reduction in the P. gossypiella population, followed by E. globulus powder (2.20±0.17 and 2.00±0.11 larvae/plant), observed 24 hours after the first and second sprays with pH5 water, followed by pH6 water treatment, respectively, while D. stramonium and C. procera were the least effective among the botanicals. The highest corrected infestation reduction in P. gossypiella was recorded with Novaluron (83.33±0.14% and 83.12±0.14% in the first and second sprays, respectively) at 96 hours when applied with pH 7 water. In contrast, Chlorantraniliprole showed maximum reduction (71.88±0.14% and 73.40±0.14%) at 96 hours when applied with pH 6 water. However, among the applied botanicals the A. indica gave maximum reduction in P. gossypiella infestation (58.33±0.12 and 56.38±0.12 %) after first and second spray at 96 hours of application, respectively. Keeping in view the above findings, it is suggested that the application of Novaluron or Chlorantraniliprole, mixed with pH 7 and pH 6 water can be done to reduce the infestation of P. gossypiella, whereas Azadirachta indica can also be a good substitute of the synthetic insecticide for P. gossypiella to lower environmental pollution and resistance development in the pest.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
All synthetic insecticides were more effective than the botanical treatments against P. gossypiella.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- synthetic insecticidese1
- Interactor
- P. gossypiella
Pectinophora gossypiellae2pest - Outcome
- more effectivee1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- botanical treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e1“The results further revealed that all applied synthetic insecticides were more effective than the botanical treatments”
e2“among the applied botanicals, Azadirachta indica (2.00±0.19 and 1.95±0.13 larvae/plant) gave the maximum reduction in the P. gossypiella population”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachta indica gave the maximum reduction in the P. gossypiella population, at 2.00±0.19 and 1.95±0.13 larvae/plant, after the first and second sprays with pH 5 water.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Azadirachta indicae2
- Interactor
- P. gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae2pest
- Outcome
- P. gossypiella populatione2
- Direction
- maximum reductione2
- Value
- 2.00±0.19 and 1.95±0.13 larvae/plante2
- Qualifier
- observed 24 hours after the first and second sprays with pH5 watere3
- Comparator
- applied botanicalse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“among the applied botanicals, Azadirachta indica (2.00±0.19 and 1.95±0.13 larvae/plant) gave the maximum reduction in the P. gossypiella population”
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e3“observed 24 hours after the first and second sprays with pH5 water”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus globulus powder followed Azadirachta indica in reducing the P. gossypiella population, at 2.20±0.17 and 2.00±0.11 larvae/plant.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- E. globulus powdere3
- Interactor
- P. gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae2pest
- Outcome
- P. gossypiella populatione2
- Direction
- followed bye3
- Value
- 2.20±0.17 and 2.00±0.11 larvae/plante3
- Comparator
- Azadirachta indicae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“among the applied botanicals, Azadirachta indica (2.00±0.19 and 1.95±0.13 larvae/plant) gave the maximum reduction in the P. gossypiella population”
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e3“followed by E. globulus powder (2.20±0.17 and 2.00±0.11 larvae/plant), observed 24 hours after the first and second sprays with pH5 water, followed by pH6 water treatment, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
D. stramonium and C. procera were the least effective botanicals against P. gossypiella.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- D. stramonium and C. procerae4
- Outcome
- least effectivee4
- Direction
- least effectivee4
- Comparator
- among the botanicalse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e4“while D. stramonium and C. procera were the least effective among the botanicals”
Claim · model-written summary
Novaluron gave the highest corrected reduction in P. gossypiella infestation at 96 hours with pH 7 water.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Novalurone5
- Interactor
- P. gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae5pest
- Outcome
- corrected infestation reductione5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 83.33±0.14%e5
- Qualifier
- at 96 hours when applied with pH 7 watere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e5“The highest corrected infestation reduction in P. gossypiella was recorded with Novaluron (83.33±0.14% and 83.12±0.14% in the first and second sprays, respectively) at 96 hours when applied with pH 7 water”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorantraniliprole gave the maximum reduction at 96 hours with pH 6 water.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Chlorantraniliprolee6
- Outcome
- reductione6
- Direction
- maximume6
- Value
- 71.88±0.14%e6
- Qualifier
- at 96 hours when applied with pH 6 watere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e6“In contrast, Chlorantraniliprole showed maximum reduction (71.88±0.14% and 73.40±0.14%) at 96 hours when applied with pH 6 water”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachta indica gave the maximum reduction in P. gossypiella infestation, 58.33±0.12% at 96 hours.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- A. indicae7
- Interactor
- P. gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae7pest
- Outcome
- P. gossypiella infestatione7
- Direction
- maximum reductione7
- Value
- 58.33±0.12e7
- Qualifier
- at 96 hours of applicatione7
- Comparator
- among the applied botanicalse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e7“However, among the applied botanicals the A. indica gave maximum reduction in P. gossypiella infestation (58.33±0.12 and 56.38±0.12 %) after first and second spray at 96 hours of application, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying Novaluron or Chlorantraniliprole in pH 7 or pH 6 water can be done to reduce P. gossypiella infestation on cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- application of Novaluron or Chlorantraniliprole, mixed with pH 7 and pH 6 watere1
- Interactor
- P. gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Outcome
- reduce the infestatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e1“it is suggested that the application of Novaluron or Chlorantraniliprole, mixed with pH 7 and pH 6 water can be done to reduce the infestation of P. gossypiella”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachta indica can be a good substitute for synthetic insecticide against P. gossypiella on cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Azadirachta indicae1
- Interactor
- P. gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Outcome
- a good substitute of the synthetic insecticidee1
- Qualifier
- to lower environmental pollution and resistance development in the peste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted using cotton variety Sindh-1”
e1“Azadirachta indica can also be a good substitute of the synthetic insecticide for P. gossypiella to lower environmental pollution and resistance development in the pest”
The same questions in other papers
novaluron · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Azadirachta indica · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →insecticide · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.