Abstract
Agriculture consumes nearly 80 % of India's freshwater, and the expansion of spring maize, a newly introduced water-intensive crop, is exacerbating groundwater depletion in northwestern India. This study, conducted at Centre for Water Technology and Management, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, in 2023 and 2024, aimed to strategically integrate available agro-techniques for efficient water use in spring maize, promoting sustainable production. A split-plot field experiment assessed two maize hybrids (DKC 9108, DKC 9208) and eight combinations of different planting methods [ridge planting and pneumatic broad-bed planting], mulching [straw mulch at 9 t/ha and plastic mulching], irrigation methods [furrow irrigation, surface drip irrigation (SDI), sub-surface drip irrigation (SSDI)] and irrigation scheduling [irrigation at 1.0 IW:CPE, 1.2 IW:CPE, 80 % ETc, 100 % ETc and at 30 % depletion of available moisture (DASM)]. The results showed that both the spring maize hybrids, exhibited similar growth and yield across both years. Similarly, ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigation resulted in comparable grain yield across the years. However, latter resulted in 9–20 % saving of irrigation water with 11–26 % higher apparent water productivity (AWP). Integrating pneumatic broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulching did not significantly increase the grain yield of spring maize during both years but saved 26–27 % irrigation water and improved AWP by 43–44 %, however, during 2024, SSDI without straw mulch increased the grain yield by 7 %, with 14 % saving of irrigation water and 25 % higher AWP compared to furrow irrigation in pneumatic broad-bed planting. Further, integrating straw mulch at 9 t/ha and pneumatic broad-bed planting with either SDI or SSDI had no significant effect on grain yield during 2023, but increased the grain yield by 9–13 % and net returns by 10–16 % as compared to SDI or SSDI without straw mulch in 2024. In conclusion, the combination of pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASM increased grain yield by 16–19 % and 15–18 %, AWP by 35–73 % and 22–37 %, and net returns by 20–27 % and 18–24 %, while saving 14–31 % and 6–14 % irrigation water, and 20 % fertilizers compared to ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigation, respectively.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Both maize hybrids had similar growth and yield across years.
- Outcome
- similar growth and yielde0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the spring maize hybrids, exhibited similar growth and yield across both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge and pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigation produced comparable grain yield.
Verbatim
e0“ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigation resulted in comparable grain yield across the years”
Claim · model-written summary
Pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigation saved 9–20% irrigation water.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigatione1
- Outcome
- irrigation watere0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- 9–20 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge planting with furrow irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“latter resulted in 9–20 % saving of irrigation water with 11–26 % higher apparent water productivity (AWP)”
e1“ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigation”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigation raised apparent water productivity 11–26%.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigatione1
- Outcome
- apparent water productivity (AWP)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 11–26 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge planting with furrow irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“latter resulted in 9–20 % saving of irrigation water with 11–26 % higher apparent water productivity (AWP)”
e1“ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed planting with furrow irrigation”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulch did not significantly increase maize grain yield.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not significantly increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrating pneumatic broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulching did not significantly increase the grain yield of spring maize during both years”
Claim · model-written summary
That SDI system saved 26–27% irrigation water.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- irrigation watere0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 26–27 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrating pneumatic broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulching did not significantly increase the grain yield of spring maize during both years but saved 26–27 % irrigation water”
Claim · model-written summary
That SDI system improved apparent water productivity by 43–44%.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- AWPe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 43–44 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pneumatic broad-bed planting with SDI without straw mulching did not significantly increase the grain yield of spring maize during both years but saved 26–27 % irrigation water and improved AWP by 43–44 %”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2024, SSDI without straw mulch increased grain yield by 7% versus furrow irrigation in broad-bed planting.
- Treatment
- SSDI without straw mulche0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7 %e0
- Qualifier
- during 2024e0
- Comparator
- furrow irrigation in pneumatic broad-bed plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during 2024, SSDI without straw mulch increased the grain yield by 7 %, with 14 % saving of irrigation water and 25 % higher AWP compared to furrow irrigation in pneumatic broad-bed planting”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2024, SSDI without mulch saved 14% irrigation water versus furrow irrigation.
- Treatment
- SSDI without straw mulche0
- Outcome
- irrigation watere0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- 14 %e0
- Comparator
- furrow irrigation in pneumatic broad-bed plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during 2024, SSDI without straw mulch increased the grain yield by 7 %, with 14 % saving of irrigation water and 25 % higher AWP compared to furrow irrigation in pneumatic broad-bed planting”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2024, SSDI without mulch raised apparent water productivity by 25%.
- Treatment
- SSDI without straw mulche0
- Outcome
- AWPe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 25 %e0
- Comparator
- furrow irrigation in pneumatic broad-bed plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during 2024, SSDI without straw mulch increased the grain yield by 7 %, with 14 % saving of irrigation water and 25 % higher AWP compared to furrow irrigation in pneumatic broad-bed planting”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch with broad-bed planting and SDI or SSDI had no significant grain yield effect in 2023.
- Taxon
- graine0
- Treatment
- straw mulch at 9 t/ha and pneumatic broad-bed planting with either SDI or SSDIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“integrating straw mulch at 9 t/ha and pneumatic broad-bed planting with either SDI or SSDI had no significant effect on grain yield during 2023”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2024, straw mulch with broad-bed planting and SDI or SSDI increased grain yield by 9–13%.
- Treatment
- straw mulch at 9 t/ha and pneumatic broad-bed planting with either SDI or SSDIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9–13 %e0
- Comparator
- SDI or SSDI without straw mulche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrating straw mulch at 9 t/ha and pneumatic broad-bed planting with either SDI or SSDI had no significant effect on grain yield during 2023, but increased the grain yield by 9–13 % and net returns by 10–16 % as compared to SDI or SSDI without straw mulch in 2024”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2024, that mulch treatment increased net returns by 10–16%.
- Treatment
- straw mulch at 9 t/ha and pneumatic broad-bed planting with either SDI or SSDIe0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10–16 %e0
- Comparator
- SDI or SSDI without straw mulche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrating straw mulch at 9 t/ha and pneumatic broad-bed planting with either SDI or SSDI had no significant effect on grain yield during 2023, but increased the grain yield by 9–13 % and net returns by 10–16 % as compared to SDI or SSDI without straw mulch in 2024”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated mulch, broad-bed and SSDI treatment increased grain yield by 16–19% and 15–18% against the two furrow-irrigated baselines.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASMe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16–19 % and 15–18 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASM increased grain yield by 16–19 % and 15–18 %, AWP by 35–73 % and 22–37 %, and net returns by 20–27 % and 18–24 %, while saving 14–31 % and 6–14 % irrigation water, and 20 % fertilizers compared to ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigation, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated treatment raised AWP by 35–73% and 22–37% against the two baselines.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASMe0
- Outcome
- AWPe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35–73 % and 22–37 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASM increased grain yield by 16–19 % and 15–18 %, AWP by 35–73 % and 22–37 %, and net returns by 20–27 % and 18–24 %, while saving 14–31 % and 6–14 % irrigation water, and 20 % fertilizers compared to ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigation, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated treatment raised net returns by 20–27% and 18–24% against the two baselines.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASMe0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20–27 % and 18–24 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASM increased grain yield by 16–19 % and 15–18 %, AWP by 35–73 % and 22–37 %, and net returns by 20–27 % and 18–24 %, while saving 14–31 % and 6–14 % irrigation water, and 20 % fertilizers compared to ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigation, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated treatment saved 14–31% and 6–14% irrigation water against the two baselines.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASMe0
- Outcome
- irrigation watere0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- 14–31 % and 6–14 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASM increased grain yield by 16–19 % and 15–18 %, AWP by 35–73 % and 22–37 %, and net returns by 20–27 % and 18–24 %, while saving 14–31 % and 6–14 % irrigation water, and 20 % fertilizers compared to ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigation, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated treatment saved 20% fertilizer.
- Treatment
- pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASMe0
- Outcome
- fertilizerse0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of pneumatic broad-bed planting with straw mulch at 9 t/ha and SSDI at 30 % DASM increased grain yield by 16–19 % and 15–18 %, AWP by 35–73 % and 22–37 %, and net returns by 20–27 % and 18–24 %, while saving 14–31 % and 6–14 % irrigation water, and 20 % fertilizers compared to ridge planting with furrow irrigation and pneumatic broad-bed with furrow irrigation, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
The same questions in other papers
organic · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →irrigation · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
283 papers in the same direction as this paper · 39 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
320 papers more in this group
See all 324 papers →organic · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
329 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
369 papers more in this group
See all 373 papers →irrigation · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
790 papers in the same direction as this paper · 209 in the opposite direction · 16 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
1,012 papers more in this group
See all 1,016 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.