Abstract
Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry. To unravel the complexity of these diseases, comprehensive virus surveys were conducted across major passion fruit-growing counties. Passion fruit woodiness disease symptoms, like fruit hardening, chlorotic mottling, and leaf distortion, were prevalent. The study unveiled the first 23 complete genomes of Ugandan passiflora virus (UPV) and two East Asian passiflora distortion virus (EAPDV) in Kenya. UPV showed 99% nucleotide (nt) match to a UPV genome from Uganda and 66% nt identity match to EAPDV. In addition, UPV variants and two partial passion fruit green spot virus sequences and partial (passiflora emaravirus) segment RNA1-5 (novel allexivirus and an emaravirus, respectively) were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct lineages (I-III), indicating potential multiple introductions into Kenya. Recombination analysis detected no significant breakpoints. However, the study proposed the renaming of EAPDV to passiflora distortion virus (PDV) and UPV to passiflora virus (PV) for neutral nomenclature, without geographical association. Additionally, the study highlighted the role of coinfections in symptom expression, suggesting a potential synergistic relationship between PV, PDV, and other viruses. The results recommend stringent management strategies and enhanced surveillance to mitigate the economic impact of these viruses on the Kenyan passion fruit industry. The findings from this study underscore the need to strengthen nursery certification programs and pest diagnostic protocols in Kenya. Additionally, enhanced pest surveillance and import regulations are critical to preventing the introduction and spread of emerging plant viral diseases, thereby safeguarding the country's horticultural productivity and biosecurity. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of viral diseases of passion fruit in Kenya.IMPORTANCEThis study presents the first comprehensive survey of viral pathogens affecting passion fruit in Kenya, identifying Ugandan passiflora virus (UPV) and East Asian passiflora distortion virus (EAPDV) as major contributors. Through genomic sequencing, 23 complete genomes of UPV and two of EAPDV were characterized, revealing a 99% nucleotide (nt) similarity between UPV strains from Uganda and Kenya, and 66% nt match with EAPDV. Phylogenetic analysis identified distinct lineages, suggesting possible multiple viral introductions in Kenya. The study also highlights potential synergistic coinfections between UPV, EAPDV, and other viruses, leading to more severe disease symptoms. In light of these findings, the study proposes renaming EAPDV as passiflora distortion virus and UPV as passiflora virus for a more neutral name classification. The research underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, stringent phytosanitary measures, and improved management strategies to mitigate the threat of viral diseases, to safeguard the Kenyan passion fruit industry, and elsewhere.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Passion fruit woodiness symptoms were prevalent.
- Taxon
- Passion fruit
Passiflora edulise0 - Outcome
- fruit hardening, chlorotic mottling, and leaf distortione0
- Setting
- Kenyae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Passion fruit woodiness disease symptoms, like fruit hardening, chlorotic mottling, and leaf distortion, were prevalent.”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The survey produced 23 complete UPV genomes in Kenya.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- Ugandan passiflora virus (UPV)Ugandan passiflora viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- complete genomes of Ugandan passiflora virus (UPV)e0
- Value
- 23e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the first 23 complete genomes of Ugandan passiflora virus (UPV)”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The survey produced two complete EAPDV genomes in Kenya.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- East Asian passiflora distortion virus (EAPDV)East Asian Passiflora distortion viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- East Asian passiflora distortion virus (EAPDV)e0
- Value
- twoe0
- Setting
- Kenyae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two East Asian passiflora distortion virus (EAPDV) in Kenya.”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
UPV matched a Uganda genome at 99% nucleotide identity.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- UPVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- nucleotide (nt) matche0
- Value
- 99%e0
- Setting
- Ugandae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UPV showed 99% nucleotide (nt) match to a UPV genome from Uganda”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
UPV had 66% nucleotide identity with EAPDV.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- EAPDVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- nt identity matche0
- Value
- 66%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“66% nt identity match to EAPDV”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
UPV variants were detected.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulise0
- Interactor
- UPVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- UPV variantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UPV variants and two partial passion fruit green spot virus sequences and partial (passiflora emaravirus) segment RNA1-5 (novel allexivirus and an emaravirus, respectively) were detected.”
t1“UPV variants and two partial passion fruit green spot virus sequences and partial (passiflora emaravirus) segment RNA1-5 (novel allexivirus and an emaravirus, respectively) were detected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two partial passion fruit green spot virus sequences were detected.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulise0
- Interactor
- passion fruit green spot virusPassion fruit green spot viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- partial passion fruit green spot virus sequencese0
- Value
- twoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two partial passion fruit green spot virus sequences”
t1“two partial passion fruit green spot virus sequences”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial passiflora emaravirus RNA1-5 segments were detected.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- passiflora emaraviruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- segment RNA1-5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“partial (passiflora emaravirus) segment RNA1-5”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis found three distinct lineages, suggesting possible multiple introductions.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Outcome
- distinct lineages (I-III)e0
- Qualifier
- potential multiple introductionse0
- Setting
- Kenyae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct lineages (I-III), indicating potential multiple introductions into Kenya.”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recombination analysis detected no significant breakpoints.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Outcome
- breakpointse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recombination analysis detected no significant breakpoints.”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed renaming EAPDV to PDV.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- EAPDVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- renaming of EAPDV to passiflora distortion virus (PDV)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“renaming of EAPDV to passiflora distortion virus (PDV)”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed renaming UPV to PV.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- UPVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- UPV to passiflora virus (PV)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UPV to passiflora virus (PV)”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The study suggests coinfections may contribute to symptom expression.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Interactor
- PVe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- PDVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptom expressione0
- Qualifier
- potential synergistic relationship between PV, PDV, and other virusese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“role of coinfections in symptom expression, suggesting a potential synergistic relationship between PV, PDV, and other viruses.”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend stronger management and surveillance.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Outcome
- stringent management strategies and enhanced surveillancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommend stringent management strategies and enhanced surveillance”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for stronger nursery certification and diagnostic protocols.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Outcome
- strengthen nursery certification programs and pest diagnostic protocolse0
- Setting
- Kenyae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strengthen nursery certification programs and pest diagnostic protocols in Kenya.”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend enhanced surveillance and import regulations.
- Taxon
- passion fruitPassiflora edulist0
- Outcome
- enhanced pest surveillance and import regulationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced pest surveillance and import regulations are critical to preventing the introduction and spread of emerging plant viral diseases”
t0“passion fruit”
t1“passion fruit”
e1“Passion fruit viral diseases pose a significant threat to Kenya's passion fruit industry.”