Abstract
Abstract Integrated pest management (IPM) is an important tool for sustainable crop production. IPM includes a diversity of methods, e.g., the use of biological control agents (BCAs) for disease control or growth promotion. While there is an increasing interest in the use of BCAs, less is known about their environmental costs and benefits on wild species, such as wild crop relatives. For example, a BCA may have the positive effect of controlling disease in wild relatives, but could also have the negative effect of growth promotion on wild relatives that act as weeds. In this study, we investigated if three wild potato relatives—the perennial climber Solanum dulcamara , and the annual weeds S. nigrum and S. physalifolium —could be infected by Alternaria solani , the causal agent of early potato blight in Sweden, and studied how two BCAs, Pythium oligandrum (a laboratory strain) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Serenade), affected the disease and growth promotion in a series of greenhouse and field experiments. Our studies confirmed the semantic knowledge that A. solani can infect all three wild species, in particular the two annual species often growing as weeds in potato fields. We also found a disease-controlling effect of B. amyloliquefaciens , but not P. oligandrum , in the greenhouse. Some growth effects were found for both BCAs, but whether these were positive or negative varied with trait, plant species, and genotype. In conclusion, BCAs can confer both environmental costs and benefits on the three wild relatives of potato investigated in the current study, which should be taken into consideration for development of sustainable potato cultivation.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria solani infected Solanum dulcamara.
- Taxon
- Solanum dulcamara
Solanum dulcamarae1 - Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- infecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. solani can infect all three wild species”
e1“three wild potato relatives—the perennial climber Solanum dulcamara , and the annual weeds S. nigrum and S. physalifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria solani infected S. nigrum, particularly strongly among the wild species.
- Taxon
- S. nigrum
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=60)
Solanum nigrume1 - Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- infecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A. solani can infect all three wild species, in particular the two annual species”
e1“three wild potato relatives—the perennial climber Solanum dulcamara , and the annual weeds S. nigrum and S. physalifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria solani infected S. physalifolium, particularly strongly among the wild species.
- Taxon
- S. physalifolium
Solanum physalifoliume1 - Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- infecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. solani can infect all three wild species, in particular the two annual species”
e1“three wild potato relatives—the perennial climber Solanum dulcamara , and the annual weeds S. nigrum and S. physalifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens controlled disease in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- wild potato relativest0
- Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciense0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease-controlling effecte0
- Direction
- disease-controllinge0
- Comparator
- P. oligandrume0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“a disease-controlling effect of B. amyloliquefaciens , but not P. oligandrum , in the greenhouse”
t0“wild potato relatives”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium oligandrum did not control disease in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- wild potato relativest0
- Treatment
- P. oligandrume0
- Interactor
- P. oligandrum
Pythium oligandrume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease-controlling effecte0
- Comparator
- B. amyloliquefaciense0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a disease-controlling effect of B. amyloliquefaciens , but not P. oligandrum , in the greenhouse”
t0“wild potato relatives”
Claim · model-written summary
Both biocontrol agents had growth effects that varied in sign by trait, species, and genotype.
- Taxon
- wild potato relativest0
- Treatment
- both BCAse0
- Outcome
- growth effectse0
- Qualifier
- varied with trait, plant species, and genotypee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Some growth effects were found for both BCAs, but whether these were positive or negative varied with trait, plant species, and genotype”
t0“wild potato relatives”