Paper · 2025 · International Journal of Research in Agronomy

Moisture conservation practices in maize-black gram cropping system in dryland ecosystem and their impact on environment, energetics and economics

R Sammauria; ML Jat; SK Bairwa; et al.

15
claims
30
verbatim quotes
0
citations
1
research areas
✓
Open access

Abstract

Results of study conducted at Dry land Farming Research Station, (MPUAT, Uadipur) Arjia Bhilwara, India during the kharif seasons of 2007 and 2008, to assess the impact of in situ moisture conservation systems in rainfed maize based cropping system, indicated that strip cropping of maize-black gram (4:8) was the best treatment in terms of environment, energetic, economics and increased maize equivalent yield by 98.4 per cent over control (maize + black gram intercropping (2:2). The Ridging after first intercultural operation (RAFIO) decreased runoff by 25 to 28 per cent over deep tillage and 44 to 45 per cent over shallow tillage during respective years. Deep tillage decreased runoff by 52 per cent and 51 per cent in paired intercropping and strip cropping, respectively, over shallow tillage. RAFIO increased maize grain equivalent yield by 27 to 41 per cent over deep tillage and by 36.02 to 47.59 per cent over shallow tillage in strip cropping and paired intercropping, respectively. RAFIO increased net return by 39 to 106 per cent over deep tillage and by 67.8 to 156.5 per cent over shallow tillage, respectively. Deep tillage increased the yield by 40.4 and 39.4 per cent under strip cropping and inter cropping systems of maize, accounted maximum share of energy input (43.02 – 76.69%) followed by tillage (4.15 – 32.60%) in different moisture conservation practices. The deep tillage required 6.59 times higher energy input than shallow tillage (281.4 MJ ha-1). The energy input for RAFIO was higher (49.18%) in paired intercropping of maize + black gram (90/30) as compared with strip cropping of maize – black gram (4:8).

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Claims 15

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Strip cropping of maize-black gram (4:8) increased maize equivalent yield by 98.4% over the maize + black gram intercropping control.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
strip cropping of maize-black gram (4:8)e1
Outcome
maize equivalent yielde1
Direction
increasede1
Value
98.4 per cente1
Comparator
control (maize + black gram intercropping (2:2)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e1

“strip cropping of maize-black gram (4:8) was the best treatment in terms of environment, energetic, economics and increased maize equivalent yield by 98.4 per cent over control (maize + black gram intercropping (2:2)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 265–481 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

RAFIO decreased runoff by 25 to 28% compared with deep tillage.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
Ridging after first intercultural operation (RAFIO)e2
Outcome
runoffe2
Direction
decreasede2
Value
25 to 28 per cente2
Comparator
deep tillagee2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e2

“The Ridging after first intercultural operation (RAFIO) decreased runoff by 25 to 28 per cent over deep tillage and 44 to 45 per cent over shallow tillage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 483–637 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

RAFIO decreased runoff by 44 to 45% compared with shallow tillage.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
Ridging after first intercultural operation (RAFIO)e2
Outcome
runoffe2
Direction
decreasede2
Value
44 to 45 per cente2
Comparator
shallow tillagee2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e2

“The Ridging after first intercultural operation (RAFIO) decreased runoff by 25 to 28 per cent over deep tillage and 44 to 45 per cent over shallow tillage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 483–637 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Deep tillage decreased runoff by 52% over shallow tillage in paired intercropping.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
Deep tillagee3
Outcome
runoffe3
Direction
decreasede3
Value
52 per cente3
Qualifier
paired intercroppinge3
Comparator
shallow tillagee3

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e3

“Deep tillage decreased runoff by 52 per cent and 51 per cent in paired intercropping and strip cropping, respectively, over shallow tillage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 663–802 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Deep tillage decreased runoff by 51% over shallow tillage in strip cropping.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
Deep tillagee3
Outcome
runoffe3
Direction
decreasede3
Value
51 per cente3
Qualifier
strip croppinge3
Comparator
shallow tillagee3

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e3

“Deep tillage decreased runoff by 52 per cent and 51 per cent in paired intercropping and strip cropping, respectively, over shallow tillage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 663–802 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

RAFIO increased maize grain equivalent yield by 27 to 41% over deep tillage.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
RAFIOe4
Outcome
maize grain equivalent yielde4
Direction
increasede4
Value
27 to 41 per cente4
Qualifier
strip cropping and paired intercropping, respectivelye4
Comparator
deep tillagee4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e4

“RAFIO increased maize grain equivalent yield by 27 to 41 per cent over deep tillage and by 36.02 to 47.59 per cent over shallow tillage in strip cropping and paired intercropping, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 804–996 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

RAFIO increased maize grain equivalent yield by 36.02 to 47.59% over shallow tillage.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
RAFIOe4
Outcome
maize grain equivalent yielde4
Direction
increasede4
Value
36.02 to 47.59 per cente4
Qualifier
strip cropping and paired intercropping, respectivelye4
Comparator
shallow tillagee4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e4

“RAFIO increased maize grain equivalent yield by 27 to 41 per cent over deep tillage and by 36.02 to 47.59 per cent over shallow tillage in strip cropping and paired intercropping, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 804–996 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

RAFIO increased net return by 39 to 106% over deep tillage.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
RAFIOe5
Outcome
net returne5
Direction
increasede5
Value
39 to 106 per cente5
Comparator
deep tillagee5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e5

“RAFIO increased net return by 39 to 106 per cent over deep tillage and by 67.8 to 156.5 per cent over shallow tillage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 998–1115 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

RAFIO increased net return by 67.8 to 156.5% over shallow tillage.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
RAFIOe5
Outcome
net returne5
Direction
increasede5
Value
67.8 to 156.5 per cente5
Comparator
shallow tillagee5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e5

“RAFIO increased net return by 39 to 106 per cent over deep tillage and by 67.8 to 156.5 per cent over shallow tillage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 998–1115 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Deep tillage increased maize yield by 40.4% under strip cropping.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
Deep tillagee6
Outcome
yielde6
Direction
increasede6
Value
40.4e6
Qualifier
under strip croppinge6

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e6

“Deep tillage increased the yield by 40.4 and 39.4 per cent under strip cropping and inter cropping systems of maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1131–1246 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Deep tillage increased maize yield by 39.4% under inter cropping.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
Deep tillagee6
Outcome
yielde6
Direction
increasede6
Value
39.4e6
Qualifier
inter cropping systemse6

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e6

“Deep tillage increased the yield by 40.4 and 39.4 per cent under strip cropping and inter cropping systems of maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1131–1246 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The maximum share of energy input was 43.02 – 76.69% across moisture conservation practices.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
share of energy inpute7
Direction
maximume7
Value
43.02 – 76.69%e7

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e7

“accounted maximum share of energy input (43.02 – 76.69%) followed by tillage (4.15 – 32.60%) in different moisture conservation practices”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1248–1385 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Tillage accounted for 4.15 – 32.60% of energy input across moisture conservation practices.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
share of energy inpute7
Value
4.15 – 32.60%e7
Qualifier
followed by tillagee7

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e7

“accounted maximum share of energy input (43.02 – 76.69%) followed by tillage (4.15 – 32.60%) in different moisture conservation practices”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1248–1385 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Deep tillage required 6.59 times higher energy input than shallow tillage.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
deep tillagee1
Outcome
energy inpute1
Direction
highere1
Value
6.59 timese1
Comparator
shallow tillagee1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e1

“The deep tillage required 6.59 times higher energy input than shallow tillage (281.4 MJ ha-1)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1387–1480 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

RAFIO had 49.18% higher energy input in paired intercropping than in strip cropping of maize – black gram (4:8).

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
RAFIOe2
Outcome
energy inpute2
Direction
highere2
Value
49.18%e2
Qualifier
paired intercropping of maize + black gram (90/30)e2
Comparator
strip cropping of maize – black gram (4:8)e2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rainfed maize based cropping system”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–248 · show in text ↑
e2

“The energy input for RAFIO was higher (49.18%) in paired intercropping of maize + black gram (90/30) as compared with strip cropping of maize – black gram (4:8)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1482–1642 · show in text ↑

tillage · soil: physics · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

152 papers: 124 positive, 28 negative or no effect

123 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction · 8 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. no effect

148 papers more in this group

See all 152 papers →

tillage · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

1,099 papers: 812 positive, 287 negative or no effect

811 papers in the same direction as this paper · 230 in the opposite direction · 57 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. no effect
  2. negative
  3. no effect

1,095 papers more in this group

See all 1,099 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.