Abstract
Invasive plants often escape specialist herbivores and can evolve to reallocate resources to growth from defense, but reunion with specialists can reverse this evolutionary trade-off. It remains unclear whether specialist-triggered changes affect soil mutualisms, which can also promote invasion success. Here, we investigate colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots of the invasive Ambrosia artemisiifolia from populations that vary in duration of reassociation with the specialist herbivore Ophraella communa. We then investigated chemically mediated changes in AMF colonization and plant defenses after reassociation with O. communa. Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations with a longer reassociation history had lower AMF colonization rates than populations with shorter or no reassociation history. We detected a genetically based increase in resistance to herbivores but decreased AMF colonization in A. artemisiifolia populations after the reassociation. These changes in antagonisms and mutualisms corresponded with increasing leaf tannins but decreasing fatty acid concentrations in roots and root exudates. These results suggest that reassociation with specialist herbivores may trigger shifts in resource allocation back to herbivore defense and away from plant-AMF mutualisms, providing new insights into links between enemy release and enhanced mutualism, with potential ramifications for the long-term effects of classical biological control programs.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Longer reassociation history corresponded to lower AMF colonization.
- Taxon
- Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifoliae0 - Treatment
- longer reassociation historye0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ophraella communa
Ophraella communae1herbivore - Outcome
- AMF colonization ratese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- populations with shorter or no reassociation historye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations with a longer reassociation history had lower AMF colonization rates than populations with shorter or no reassociation history”
e1“specialist herbivore Ophraella communa”
Claim · model-written summary
After reassociation, populations showed genetically based increased herbivore resistance.
- Taxon
- A. artemisiifoliaAmbrosia artemisiifoliae0
- Treatment
- reassociatione0
- Interactor
- herbivorese0herbivore
- Outcome
- resistance to herbivorese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genetically based increase in resistance to herbivores but decreased AMF colonization in A. artemisiifolia populations after the reassociation”
Claim · model-written summary
After reassociation, populations showed decreased AMF colonization.
- Taxon
- A. artemisiifoliaAmbrosia artemisiifoliae0
- Treatment
- reassociatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genetically based increase in resistance to herbivores but decreased AMF colonization in A. artemisiifolia populations after the reassociation”
Claim · model-written summary
These interaction changes corresponded to increasing leaf tannins.
- Taxon
- Ambrosia artemisiifoliaAmbrosia artemisiifoliat0
- Treatment
- changes in antagonisms and mutualismse0
- Outcome
- leaf tanninse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations”
e0“These changes in antagonisms and mutualisms corresponded with increasing leaf tannins”
Claim · model-written summary
These interaction changes corresponded to decreasing root and exudate fatty acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- Ambrosia artemisiifoliaAmbrosia artemisiifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and root exudatese0
- Treatment
- changes in antagonisms and mutualismse0
- Outcome
- fatty acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations”
e0“These changes in antagonisms and mutualisms corresponded with increasing leaf tannins but decreasing fatty acid concentrations in roots and root exudates”