Abstract
Grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) is a climate-resilient pseudo-cereal with high nutritional value and stress tolerance. NAC transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators in plant development and environmental responses. Here, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of 70 NAC genes (AhypNACs), classified into 24 phylogenetic subfamilies. Gene structure analysis showed exon variation (1-7), and chromosomal mapping revealed uneven distribution, with 32 segmental, 5 tandem, and 32 transposed duplications. Promoter analysis identified diverse cis-regulatory elements linked to light, hormone signaling, and stress response. miRNA analysis suggested Ahyp-miR164a targets four NAC genes, indicating post-transcriptional control. Comparative genomics showed both conserved and lineage-specific expansions among Oryza sativa, Beta vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Chenopodium quinoa. Transcriptome analysis across seven tissues and five stress conditions identified several condition-specific and multi-stress-responsive NAC genes, with AhypNAC17, AhypNAC23, and AhypNAC24 showing strong induction. RT-qPCR validation under drought stress confirmed early and sustained upregulation of AhypNAC23 and AhypNAC24, and downregulation of AhypNAC03 and AhypNAC70, supporting their functional roles in drought adaptation. This study provides key insights into the structural diversity, evolutionary patterns, and stress-regulatory roles of NAC TFs in A. hypochondriacus, laying the foundation for genetic improvement of stress-resilient cultivars.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Seventy NAC genes were classified into 24 phylogenetic subfamilies.
- Taxon
- grain amaranth
Amaranthus hypochondriacust0 - Gene
- NAC genese0
- Outcome
- 24 phylogenetic subfamiliese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70 NAC genes (AhypNACs), classified into 24 phylogenetic subfamilies”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
NAC gene exon counts varied from one to seven.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Outcome
- exon variatione0
- Value
- 1-7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene structure analysis showed exon variation (1-7)”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
NAC genes were unevenly distributed across chromosomes.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Outcome
- uneven distributione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chromosomal mapping revealed uneven distribution”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
The analysis found 32 segmental duplications.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Outcome
- segmentale0
- Value
- 32e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“32 segmental, 5 tandem, and 32 transposed duplications”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
The analysis found five tandem duplications.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Outcome
- tandeme0
- Value
- 5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“32 segmental, 5 tandem, and 32 transposed duplications”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
The analysis found 32 transposed duplications.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Outcome
- transposed duplicationse0
- Value
- 32e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“32 segmental, 5 tandem, and 32 transposed duplications”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Promoters contained diverse cis regulatory elements linked to light, hormones and stress.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Outcome
- diverse cis-regulatory elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Promoter analysis identified diverse cis-regulatory elements linked to light, hormone signaling, and stress response”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ahyp-miR164a was predicted to target four NAC genes.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Gene
- Ahyp-miR164ae0
- Outcome
- targets four NAC genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ahyp-miR164a targets four NAC genes”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Comparative genomics found conserved and lineage specific expansions.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Outcome
- conserved and lineage-specific expansionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both conserved and lineage-specific expansions among Oryza sativa, Beta vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Chenopodium quinoa”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis identified condition specific and multiple stress responsive NAC genes.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Gene
- NAC genese0
- Outcome
- condition-specific and multi-stress-responsivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified several condition-specific and multi-stress-responsive NAC genes”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
AhypNAC17 showed strong induction across tissues and stresses.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Gene
- AhypNAC17e0
- Outcome
- strong inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AhypNAC17, AhypNAC23, and AhypNAC24 showing strong induction”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
AhypNAC23 showed strong induction across tissues and stresses.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Gene
- AhypNAC23e0
- Outcome
- strong inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AhypNAC17, AhypNAC23, and AhypNAC24 showing strong induction”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
AhypNAC24 showed strong induction across tissues and stresses.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Gene
- AhypNAC24e0
- Outcome
- strong inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AhypNAC17, AhypNAC23, and AhypNAC24 showing strong induction”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought caused early sustained upregulation of AhypNAC23.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Gene
- AhypNAC23e0
- Outcome
- AhypNAC23e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under drought stress confirmed early and sustained upregulation of AhypNAC23 and AhypNAC24”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought caused early sustained upregulation of AhypNAC24.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Gene
- AhypNAC24e0
- Outcome
- AhypNAC24e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under drought stress confirmed early and sustained upregulation of AhypNAC23 and AhypNAC24”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought downregulated AhypNAC03.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Gene
- AhypNAC03e0
- Outcome
- AhypNAC03e0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of AhypNAC03 and AhypNAC70”
t0“grain amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought downregulated AhypNAC70.
- Taxon
- grain amaranthAmaranthus hypochondriacust0
- Gene
- AhypNAC70e0
- Outcome
- AhypNAC70e0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of AhypNAC03 and AhypNAC70”
t0“grain amaranth”