Abstract
As endangered medicinal species (Category III protected plants in China) and as authentic traditional Chinese medicines, Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang and N. franchetii Boiss. require urgent conservation of their germplasm resources. While core collections offer an efficient solution for preserving genetic diversity, no such resource currently exists for these species despite their ecological and pharmacological importance. In this study, three chloroplast DNA regions ( rbcL , matK , and trnS - trnG ) and the nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence were employed as molecular markers to conduct phylogeographic analyses of N. incisum and N. franchetii , and their core collections were constructed through stratified sampling of evolutionary significant haplotypes. Network analyses revealed complete cpDNA differentiation between species (12 vs. 10 haplotypes separated by ≥ 5 mutations), while ITS data showed limited historical introgression. Wild populations exhibited strong genetic structure ( G ST : 0.673–0.713) with ancestral haplotypes (cpDNA Hap_2/Hap_13; ITS Hap_3-Hap_4/Hap_23), whereas cultivated accessions showed 3.2× higher haplotype diversity but reduced differentiation ( G ST : 0.077–0.094). Demographic tests (Tajima’s D = -1.39 to -2.15, P < 0.01) and growth indices (G = 856–2901) confirmed post-glacial expansions. Using integrated cpDNA and ITS markers, we established optimized core collections for both species ( N. incisum : 50–103 accessions; N. franchetii : 30–40 accessions) that effectively preserved genetic diversity. The dual-marker approach resolved cultivated populations’ paradoxical genetic patterns (higher diversity but lower differentiation) and provides a conservation model for medicinal plants facing anthropogenic pressures.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The species showed complete cpDNA differentiation.
- Taxon
- N. incisumHansenia weberbauerianae1
- Outcome
- cpDNA differentiatione0
- Value
- 12 vs. 10 haplotypese0
Verbatim
e0“complete cpDNA differentiation between species (12 vs. 10 haplotypes separated by ≥ 5 mutations)”
t0“Notopterygii”
e1“N. incisum and N. franchetii”
Claim · model-written summary
ITS data showed limited historical introgression.
- Taxon
- N. incisumHansenia weberbauerianae1
- Outcome
- historical introgressione0
Verbatim
e0“ITS data showed limited historical introgression”
t0“Notopterygii”
e1“N. incisum and N. franchetii”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild populations had strong genetic structure.
- Taxon
- N. incisumHansenia weberbauerianae1
- Material
- Wild populationse0
- Outcome
- genetic structuree0
- Value
- 0.673–0.713e0
Verbatim
e0“Wild populations exhibited strong genetic structure ( G ST : 0.673–0.713)”
t0“Notopterygii”
e1“N. incisum and N. franchetii”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated accessions had 3.2× greater haplotype diversity.
Verbatim
e0“cultivated accessions showed 3.2× higher haplotype diversity but reduced differentiation ( G ST : 0.077–0.094)”
t0“Notopterygii”
e1“N. incisum and N. franchetii”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated accessions had reduced genetic differentiation.
Verbatim
e0“cultivated accessions showed 3.2× higher haplotype diversity but reduced differentiation ( G ST : 0.077–0.094)”
t0“Notopterygii”
e1“N. incisum and N. franchetii”
Claim · model-written summary
Demographic analyses supported post-glacial expansion.
- Taxon
- N. incisumHansenia weberbauerianae1
- Outcome
- post-glacial expansionse0
Verbatim
e0“Demographic tests (Tajima’s D = -1.39 to -2.15, P < 0.01) and growth indices (G = 856–2901) confirmed post-glacial expansions”
t0“Notopterygii”
e1“N. incisum and N. franchetii”
Claim · model-written summary
The N. incisum core collection preserved genetic diversity.
- Taxon
- N. incisumHansenia weberbauerianae0
- Outcome
- genetic diversitye0
- Value
- 50–103 accessionse0
Verbatim
e0“N. incisum : 50–103 accessions; N. franchetii : 30–40 accessions) that effectively preserved genetic diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
The N. franchetii core collection preserved genetic diversity.
- Taxon
- N. franchetiiHansenia forbesiie0
- Outcome
- genetic diversitye0
- Value
- 30–40 accessionse0
Verbatim
e0“N. franchetii : 30–40 accessions) that effectively preserved genetic diversity”