Abstract
In India, cultivation of legumes forms an integral part of the rainfed production systems; however, their productivity over the years has remained low and unstable. Soybean and groundnut are the major oilseed crops and pigeonpea and chickpea are the major pulse crops of the country. In the present study, we have: a) characterized the distribution of these legumes in different production zones, agro-ecological zones (AEZs) and states of India; b) estimated the rainfed (water-limited) potential, achievable and current levels of farmers’ yields; c) quantified yield gaps between farmers’ yields and rainfed potential yields; and d) suggested possible ways to abridge the yield gaps. Using CROPGRO and APSIM (for pigeonpea) suite of crop models and historical weather data, rainfed potential yields and water balance of the four legumes were estimated for selected locations representing different production zones in India. The simulated rainfed potential yields were supplemented with the research station yield data of rainfed trials of the All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) for respective crops. Achievable yields of the crops for the locations were taken from the Front Line Demonstrations conducted on-farm with improved technology. District average yields were considered as the farmers’ yields. Based on these data, the yield gaps between potential and achievable yields (YG I), between achievable and farmers’ yields (YG II) and total yield gaps between potential and farmers’ yields were estimated. The farmers’ average yield of crops is 1040 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1150 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 690 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 800 kg ha-1 for chickpea in India. Large spatial and temporal variability was observed in the yield gaps of the four legumes across the production zones. Total yield gap for the production zones ranged from 850 to 1320 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1180 to 2010 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 550 to 770 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 610 to 1150 kg ha-1 for chickpea. YG II formed a significant part of the total yield gap of the four legumes, indicating the need to scale-up the improved crop production technologies from on-farm demonstration sites to farmers in the production zones. Total yield gaps of legumes for the AEZs and states of India were in the similar range as for the production zones. Simulated rainfed potential yields and total yield gaps across different locations for the four legumes showed a positive and significant curvilinear relationship with crop season rainfall. Estimated surface runoff constituted 11 to 54% of total rainfall received during growing period of the rainy season legumes. To abridge the yield gaps of legumes, integrated watershed management approach comprising of in-situ soil and water conservation, water harvesting and groundwater recharging for supplemental irrigation and improved crop management technologies is needed.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean farmers' average yield in India is 1040 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- average yielde0
- Value
- 1040 kg ha-1e0
- Setting
- Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The farmers’ average yield of crops is 1040 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1150 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 690 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 800 kg ha-1 for chickpea in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundnut farmers' average yield in India is 1150 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Outcome
- average yielde0
- Value
- 1150 kg ha-1e0
- Setting
- Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The farmers’ average yield of crops is 1040 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1150 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 690 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 800 kg ha-1 for chickpea in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigeonpea farmers' average yield in India is 690 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea
Cajanus cajane0 - Outcome
- average yielde0
- Value
- 690 kg ha-1e0
- Setting
- Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The farmers’ average yield of crops is 1040 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1150 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 690 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 800 kg ha-1 for chickpea in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea farmers' average yield in India is 800 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Outcome
- average yielde0
- Value
- 800 kg ha-1e0
- Setting
- Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The farmers’ average yield of crops is 1040 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1150 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 690 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 800 kg ha-1 for chickpea in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean total yield gap in the production zones ranged from 850 to 1320 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- Total yield gape1
- Value
- 850 to 1320 kg ha-1e1
- Qualifier
- for the production zonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Total yield gap for the production zones ranged from 850 to 1320 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1180 to 2010 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 550 to 770 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 610 to 1150 kg ha-1 for chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundnut total yield gap in the production zones ranged from 1180 to 2010 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae1
- Outcome
- Total yield gape1
- Value
- 1180 to 2010 kg ha-1e1
- Qualifier
- for the production zonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Total yield gap for the production zones ranged from 850 to 1320 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1180 to 2010 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 550 to 770 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 610 to 1150 kg ha-1 for chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigeonpea total yield gap in the production zones ranged from 550 to 770 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajane1
- Outcome
- Total yield gape1
- Value
- 550 to 770 kg ha-1e1
- Qualifier
- for the production zonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Total yield gap for the production zones ranged from 850 to 1320 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1180 to 2010 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 550 to 770 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 610 to 1150 kg ha-1 for chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea total yield gap in the production zones ranged from 610 to 1150 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Outcome
- Total yield gape1
- Value
- 610 to 1150 kg ha-1e1
- Qualifier
- for the production zonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Total yield gap for the production zones ranged from 850 to 1320 kg ha-1 for soybean, 1180 to 2010 kg ha-1 for groundnut, 550 to 770 kg ha-1 for pigeonpea and 610 to 1150 kg ha-1 for chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The YG II component formed a significant part of the total yield gap of the four legumes.
Verbatim
e2“YG II formed a significant part of the total yield gap of the four legumes, indicating the need to scale-up the improved crop production technologies from on-farm demonstration sites to farmers in the production zones”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield gaps of the four legumes showed large spatial and temporal variability across the production zones.
Verbatim
e3“Large spatial and temporal variability was observed in the yield gaps of the four legumes across the production zones”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated rainfed potential yields and total yield gaps showed a positive, significant curvilinear relationship with crop season rainfall in legumes.
Verbatim
e4“Simulated rainfed potential yields and total yield gaps across different locations for the four legumes showed a positive and significant curvilinear relationship with crop season rainfall”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated surface runoff was 11 to 54% of total rainfall during the growing period of rainy season legumes.
Verbatim
e5“Estimated surface runoff constituted 11 to 54% of total rainfall received during growing period of the rainy season legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Total yield gaps of legumes for the AEZs and states of India were in a similar range to those of the production zones.
Verbatim
e6“Total yield gaps of legumes for the AEZs and states of India were in the similar range as for the production zones”
Claim · model-written summary
An integrated watershed management approach is needed to abridge yield gaps of legumes.
Verbatim
e7“To abridge the yield gaps of legumes, integrated watershed management approach comprising of in-situ soil and water conservation, water harvesting and groundwater recharging for supplemental irrigation and improved crop management technologies is needed”