Abstract
The genus Teucrium (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species with significant medicinal and ecological importance. Despite extensive phytochemical studies, molecular data, particularly on chloroplast (cp.) genomes, remain limited for many species, especially those native to Iran. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete cp. genomes of three Iranian Teucrium species, T. chamaedrys, T. flavum, and T. polium, to investigate genome structure, variation, and phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Using high-throughput sequencing, we assembled and annotated the cp. genomes, revealing typical quadripartite structures with sizes ranging from 149,913 bp to 150,026 bp. Comparative genomic analyses, including IR boundary shifts, codon usage, repeat elements, and nucleotide diversity, highlighted structural variations. Sequence divergence analysis using mVISTA revealed several genes, including rpoC2, ycf1, ycf2, ndhF, rpl32, rps16, and accD, displayed notable sequence variation, making them potential phylogenetic markers. Additionally, highly variable intergenic regions, such as trnH-GUG-psbA, rps16-trnQ-UUG, and petG-trnW-CCA, were identified as potential hotspots for species differentiation. Codon usage analysis revealed a strong preference for A/U-ending codons, while nucleotide diversity (Pi) analysis identified highly variable intergenic regions such as trnH-GUG-psbA and rpl32-trnL-UAG. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on cp. genome sequences placed T. chamaedrys, T. flavum, and T. polium in well-supported clades, clarifying evolutionary relationships within Teucrium. This study provides the first complete cp. genome sequences for these Iranian Teucrium species, expanding genomic resources and offering valuable insights into their genetic diversity, evolutionary history, and medicinal potential.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The Teucrium chloroplast genomes show typical quadripartite structures ranging from 149,913 bp to 150,026 bp.
TeucriumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Teucrium (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species”
e1“revealing typical quadripartite structures with sizes ranging from 149,913 bp to 150,026 bp”
Claim · model-written summary
Comparative genomic analyses highlighted structural variations among the Teucrium chloroplast genomes.
- Outcome
- structural variationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Teucrium (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species”
e2“Comparative genomic analyses, including IR boundary shifts, codon usage, repeat elements, and nucleotide diversity, highlighted structural variations”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes rpoC2, ycf1, ycf2, ndhF, rpl32, rps16 and accD showed notable sequence variation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Teucrium (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species”
e3“Sequence divergence analysis using mVISTA revealed several genes, including rpoC2, ycf1, ycf2, ndhF, rpl32, rps16, and accD, displayed notable sequence variation, making them potential phylogenetic markers”
Claim · model-written summary
The intergenic regions trnH-GUG-psbA, rps16-trnQ-UUG and petG-trnW-CCA are highly variable and are potential hotspots for species differentiation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Teucrium (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species”
e4“highly variable intergenic regions, such as trnH-GUG-psbA, rps16-trnQ-UUG, and petG-trnW-CCA, were identified as potential hotspots for species differentiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Codon usage shows a strong preference for A/U-ending codons.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Teucrium (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species”
e5“Codon usage analysis revealed a strong preference for A/U-ending codons”
Claim · model-written summary
Nucleotide diversity analysis identified highly variable intergenic regions trnH-GUG-psbA and rpl32-trnL-UAG.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Teucrium (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species”
e6“nucleotide diversity (Pi) analysis identified highly variable intergenic regions such as trnH-GUG-psbA and rpl32-trnL-UAG”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic reconstruction placed T. chamaedrys, T. flavum and T. polium in well-supported clades.
- Taxon
- T. chamaedrys, T. flavum, and T. polium
Teucrium chamaedrys
Teucrium flavum
Teucrium poliume7 - Outcome
- well-supported cladese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Phylogenetic reconstruction based on cp. genome sequences placed T. chamaedrys, T. flavum, and T. polium in well-supported clades”
Claim · model-written summary
The study provides the first complete chloroplast genome sequences for these Iranian Teucrium species.
Verbatim
e1“This study provides the first complete cp. genome sequences for these Iranian Teucrium species”