Abstract
Global agricultural productivity is increasingly threatened by the combined effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly weed interference and drought, which pose significant challenges to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). Weeds alone contribute to an estimated global economic loss of USD 32 billion annual. To ensure food security and develop climate-resilient strategies (SDG 13), this study aimed to investigate the interactive effects of weed competition and drought stress on the physiological, biochemical, and yield responses of greengram. An experiment conducted over two consecutive years (2022 and 2023) evaluated the impact of two key weeds, Echinochloa colona and Trianthema portulacastrum, at the greengram critical competitive phase under both well-watered (WW) and drought-stressed (DS) conditions. The results revealed that E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress. This was evidenced by reduced relative water content (WW: 65.26%; DS: 62.31%), membrane stability index (WW: 66.58%; DS: 62.54%), and gas exchange parameters, along with markedly increased oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (WW: 1.60-fold; DS: 2.08-fold), superoxide ion (WW: 4.04-fold; DS: 5.63-fold), and hydrogen peroxide (WW: 1.41-fold; DS: 2.23-fold). The findings underscore the greater competitive impact of E. colona on greengram, particularly under water-deficit scenarios, and highlight the urgent need for integrated weed and drought management strategies to safeguard food security and sustainability.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Echinochloa colona had greater adverse effects on greengram than Trianthema portulacastrum, particularly under drought
- Taxon
- greengram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatae1 - Interactor
- E. colona
Echinochloa colonae1weed - Second interactor
- T. portulacastrum
Trianthema portulacastrume1weed - Outcome
- adverse effectse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- particularly under drought stresse1
- Comparator
- T. portulacastrume1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content of greengram was reduced under weed interference in both well-watered and drought conditions
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae1
- Interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1weed
- Outcome
- relative water contente2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- WW: 65.26%; DS: 62.31%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress”
e2“reduced relative water content (WW: 65.26%; DS: 62.31%), membrane stability index (WW: 66.58%; DS: 62.54%), and gas exchange parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane stability index of greengram was reduced under weed interference in both well-watered and drought conditions
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae1
- Interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1weed
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- WW: 66.58%; DS: 62.54%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress”
e2“reduced relative water content (WW: 65.26%; DS: 62.31%), membrane stability index (WW: 66.58%; DS: 62.54%), and gas exchange parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Gas exchange parameters of greengram were reduced under weed interference
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae1
- Interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1weed
- Outcome
- gas exchange parameterse2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress”
e2“reduced relative water content (WW: 65.26%; DS: 62.31%), membrane stability index (WW: 66.58%; DS: 62.54%), and gas exchange parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde in greengram was markedly increased under weed interference
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae1
- Interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1weed
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee3
- Direction
- markedly increasede3
- Value
- WW: 1.60-fold; DS: 2.08-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress”
e3“markedly increased oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (WW: 1.60-fold; DS: 2.08-fold), superoxide ion (WW: 4.04-fold; DS: 5.63-fold), and hydrogen peroxide (WW: 1.41-fold; DS: 2.23-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide ion in greengram was markedly increased under weed interference
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae1
- Interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1weed
- Outcome
- superoxide ione3
- Direction
- markedly increasede3
- Value
- WW: 4.04-fold; DS: 5.63-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress”
e3“markedly increased oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (WW: 1.60-fold; DS: 2.08-fold), superoxide ion (WW: 4.04-fold; DS: 5.63-fold), and hydrogen peroxide (WW: 1.41-fold; DS: 2.23-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide in greengram was markedly increased under weed interference
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae1
- Interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1weed
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee3
- Direction
- markedly increasede3
- Value
- WW: 1.41-fold; DS: 2.23-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. colona exerted significantly greater adverse effects on greengram than T. portulacastrum, particularly under drought stress”
e3“markedly increased oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (WW: 1.60-fold; DS: 2.08-fold), superoxide ion (WW: 4.04-fold; DS: 5.63-fold), and hydrogen peroxide (WW: 1.41-fold; DS: 2.23-fold)”