Abstract
ABSTRACT Natural regeneration of Picea jezoensis , one of the dominant conifer species in northern Japan, is severely inhibited by soil‐borne pathogens. Although the snow mould Herpotrichia juniperi is known to inhibit seed germination, several studies have suggested the involvement of other pathogens. To clarify the fungal community infecting P. jezoensis seeds under snow, we performed a seed bag experiment and isolated putative pathogens, combined with DNA‐based species identification and inoculation tests. Moreover, metabarcoding analysis was performed to examine the distribution of the isolated species in foliar litter. The experiment was conducted at 12 sites divided between two different altitudes (500 and 700 m) in a natural forest in Hokkaido, Japan. Various species were isolated from ungerminated P. jezoensis seeds; two species, H. juniperi and Neonectria candida , were the most frequently isolated. The isolation rates of these two species differed between altitudes; H. juniperi dominated at higher altitude sites, whereas N. candida dominated at lower altitude sites, with similar or even higher frequencies than H. juniperi . Metabarcoding analysis revealed a high abundance of isolated species, especially H. juniperi , suggesting that fresh litter serves as a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens and negatively affects the natural regeneration of P. jezoensis .
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Various fungal species were isolated from ungerminated Picea jezoensis seeds.
- Taxon
- Picea jezoensis
Picea jezoensist0 - Organ / stage
- ungerminated P. jezoensis seedse0
- Outcome
- Various species were isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various species were isolated from ungerminated P. jezoensis seeds”
t0“Picea jezoensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Herpotrichia juniperi was among the most frequently isolated fungi from ungerminated Picea jezoensis seeds.
- Taxon
- Picea jezoensisPicea jezoensist0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminated P. jezoensis seedse0
- Interactor
- Herpotrichia juniperi
Herpotrichia juniperie1pathogen - Outcome
- most frequently isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various species were isolated from ungerminated P. jezoensis seeds; two species, H. juniperi and Neonectria candida , were the most frequently isolated”
e1“the snow mould Herpotrichia juniperi”
t0“Picea jezoensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Neonectria candida was among the most frequently isolated fungi from ungerminated Picea jezoensis seeds.
- Taxon
- Picea jezoensisPicea jezoensist0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminated P. jezoensis seedse0
- Interactor
- Neonectria candidaNeonectria candidae0pathogen
- Outcome
- most frequently isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various species were isolated from ungerminated P. jezoensis seeds; two species, H. juniperi and Neonectria candida , were the most frequently isolated”
t0“Picea jezoensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Herpotrichia juniperi dominated the higher altitude sites.
- Taxon
- Picea jezoensisPicea jezoensist0
- Interactor
- Herpotrichia juniperiHerpotrichia juniperie1pathogen
- Outcome
- H. juniperi dominatede0
- Direction
- dominatede0
- Setting
- higher altitude sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. juniperi dominated at higher altitude sites”
e1“Herpotrichia juniperi”
t0“Picea jezoensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Neonectria candida dominated the lower altitude sites, with frequencies similar to or above those of Herpotrichia juniperi.
- Taxon
- Picea jezoensisPicea jezoensist0
- Interactor
- Neonectria candidaNeonectria candidae1pathogen
- Outcome
- frequenciese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- H. juniperie0
- Setting
- lower altitude sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N. candida dominated at lower altitude sites, with similar or even higher frequencies than H. juniperi”
e1“Neonectria candida”
t0“Picea jezoensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabarcoding showed a high abundance of isolated fungal species in foliar litter, especially Herpotrichia juniperi.
- Taxon
- Picea jezoensisPicea jezoensist0
- Organ / stage
- foliar littere2
- Interactor
- Herpotrichia juniperiHerpotrichia juniperie1pathogen
- Outcome
- high abundance of isolated speciese0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabarcoding analysis revealed a high abundance of isolated species, especially H. juniperi”
e1“Herpotrichia juniperi”
e2“distribution of the isolated species in foliar litter”
t0“Picea jezoensis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that fresh litter is a reservoir of opportunistic pathogens that negatively affects natural regeneration of Picea jezoensis.
- Taxon
- Picea jezoensisPicea jezoensist0
- Organ / stage
- fresh littere0
- Outcome
- natural regeneration of P. jezoensise0
- Direction
- negatively affectse0
- Qualifier
- reservoir for opportunistic pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that fresh litter serves as a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens and negatively affects the natural regeneration of P. jezoensis”
t0“Picea jezoensis”