Paper · 2026 · Frontiers in Plant Science

Multispectral imaging and automated analysis for quantifying grain quality to reveal known and potential novel alleles affecting grain traits in wheat

Jie Dai; Daiki Abe; Zhengjie Wen; et al.

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citations
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Open access · cc-by

Abstract

L.) improvement worldwide, desired seed-level characteristics and seed quality receive a growing attention as they directly impact early seedling establishment, seed longevity, and grain quality. Nevertheless, the throughput and accuracy of seed-level phenotyping and analysis have become a key limiting factor in this research domain, requiring new solutions to relieve this bottleneck. In this study, we first combined automated multispectral seed imaging (MSI; i.e. the VideometerLab 4 and Autofeeder systems) with a variety of machine learning and computer vision techniques to establish a high-throughput pipeline to analyse wheat seeds. Then, using 493 lines selected from the NIAB Diverse MAGIC (NDM) population, we applied the pipeline to segment individual seeds from MSI seed-lot images. This enabled us to perform seed-level measurement of sixteen morphological (e.g. seed size, length, width, and roundness) and spectral traits, ranging from ultraviolet (i.e. 375 nm, correlating with crude protein) to near-infrared (e.g. 975 nm, for assessing water content) wavelengths. After verifying these seed quality related traits (R2 ≥ 0.949; p < 0.001), we applied genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to link the computationally derived traits to genetic loci and identified eleven significant loci. Some of the loci were previously reported, with two unknown loci valuable for further assessment. Taken together, we believe this integrated MSI analysis pipeline provides a powerful solution for seed research and crop improvement in wheat, enabling us to bridge MSI, seed-level analysis, and genetic mapping to assess seed morphology, seed quality, and their underlying genetic architectures effectively.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 4

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The pipeline measured sixteen morphological and spectral seed traits.

Outcome
sixteen morphological (e.g. seed size, length, width, and roundness) and spectral traitse0
Value
sixteene0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This enabled us to perform seed-level measurement of sixteen morphological (e.g. seed size, length, width, and roundness) and spectral traits”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 798–939 · show in text ↑
t0

“grain traits in wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 129–150 · show in text ↑
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Seed quality trait verification achieved R2 at least 0.949.

Outcome
seed quality related traitse0
Value
R2 ≥ 0.949e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“After verifying these seed quality related traits (R2 ≥ 0.949; p < 0.001)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1085–1158 · show in text ↑
t0

“grain traits in wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 129–150 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

GWAS identified eleven significant loci associated with computational seed traits.

Outcome
eleven significant locie0
Value
elevene0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“we applied genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to link the computationally derived traits to genetic loci and identified eleven significant loci.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1160–1308 · show in text ↑
t0

“grain traits in wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 129–150 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Two of the loci were previously unknown.

Outcome
unknown locie0
Value
twoe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Some of the loci were previously reported, with two unknown loci valuable for further assessment.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1309–1406 · show in text ↑
t0

“grain traits in wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 129–150 · show in text ↑