Abstract
ABSTRACT In Sub‐Saharan Africa, cashew plants face challenges in suitable pollination and good agronomic performances. These challenges can largely be attributed to the ability of cashew floral traits in pollinator attraction. However, especially in Côte d'Ivoire, little is known about the roles of morphology and density of cashew flowers and floral rewards in attracting bee species. Likewise, the relationships between plants' attractiveness, number of pollinator visits, and fruiting rate are rarely the focus of study. Therefore, we contrasted in 3 Ivoirian regions two categories of cashew seeing the bees' foraging preference toward their flowers: trees with high foraging intensity versus trees with low activity (respectively called preferred versus non‐preferred plants). Our aim was to know whether the floral traits varied among these categories of plants, and whether this variation might affect bees' foraging intensity and the yield. Results showed that the two categories of cashew were significantly different in density of flowers, quantity of pollens and nectars, and their contents in sugars and amino‐acids in the pollens and nectars, and showed that these floral traits were strongly involved in bee pollinators recruitment (Wilks = 0.002384, df = 1, p < 0.0001). These floral traits also significantly increased the bees' visitation networks from 11 to 38 species and their interactions from 984 to 8271 visits, and agronomic performances from 10.63% ± 6.65% to 50.15% ± 5.34%. Floral traits related to bee visitations, if well‐investigated, may be used to identify high‐yielding cashew plants and preserve pollinators.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The two cashew categories (preferred and non-preferred trees) differed significantly in flower density, pollen quantity and nectar quantity.
- Taxon
- Anacardium occidentale
Anacardium occidentalet0 - Outcome
- density of flowers, quantity of pollens and nectarse1
- Setting
- 3 Ivoirian regionse3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anacardium occidentale (Anacardeacae)”
e1“the two categories of cashew were significantly different in density of flowers, quantity of pollens and nectars”
e3“we contrasted in 3 Ivoirian regions two categories of cashew”
Claim · model-written summary
The two cashew categories differed significantly in pollen and nectar sugar and amino-acid contents.
- Taxon
- Anacardium occidentaleAnacardium occidentalet0
- Organ / stage
- pollens and nectarse2
- Outcome
- contents in sugars and amino‐acidse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anacardium occidentale (Anacardeacae)”
e1“the two categories of cashew were significantly different in density of flowers, quantity of pollens and nectars”
e2“and their contents in sugars and amino‐acids in the pollens and nectars”
Claim · model-written summary
Floral traits of cashew were significantly associated with bee visitation networks increasing from 11 to 38 species.
- Taxon
- Anacardium occidentaleAnacardium occidentalet0
- Interactor
- beesAnthophilae5pollinator
- Outcome
- visitation networkse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- from 11 to 38 speciese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anacardium occidentale (Anacardeacae)”
e4“these floral traits were strongly involved in bee pollinators recruitment (Wilks = 0.002384, df = 1, p < 0.0001)”
e5“These floral traits also significantly increased the bees' visitation networks from 11 to 38 species and their interactions from 984 to 8271 visits, and agronomic performances from 10.63% ± 6.65% to 50.15% ± 5.34%”
Claim · model-written summary
Floral traits of cashew were significantly associated with bee interactions increasing from 984 to 8271 visits.
- Taxon
- Anacardium occidentaleAnacardium occidentalet0
- Interactor
- beesAnthophilae5pollinator
- Outcome
- interactionse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- from 984 to 8271 visitse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anacardium occidentale (Anacardeacae)”
e5“These floral traits also significantly increased the bees' visitation networks from 11 to 38 species and their interactions from 984 to 8271 visits, and agronomic performances from 10.63% ± 6.65% to 50.15% ± 5.34%”
Claim · model-written summary
Floral traits of cashew were significantly associated with increased agronomic performance in 3 Ivoirian regions.
- Taxon
- Anacardium occidentaleAnacardium occidentalet0
- Outcome
- agronomic performancese5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- from 10.63% ± 6.65% to 50.15% ± 5.34%e5
- Setting
- 3 Ivoirian regionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anacardium occidentale (Anacardeacae)”
e3“we contrasted in 3 Ivoirian regions two categories of cashew”
e5“These floral traits also significantly increased the bees' visitation networks from 11 to 38 species and their interactions from 984 to 8271 visits, and agronomic performances from 10.63% ± 6.65% to 50.15% ± 5.34%”
Claim · model-written summary
Floral traits related to bee visitation may be used to identify high-yielding cashew plants and preserve pollinators.
- Taxon
- Anacardium occidentaleAnacardium occidentalet0
- Outcome
- preserve pollinatorse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anacardium occidentale (Anacardeacae)”
e6“Floral traits related to bee visitations, if well‐investigated, may be used to identify high‐yielding cashew plants and preserve pollinators”