Abstract
Organic production systems impose strong environmental constraints on silage maize, yet the relative contributions of genotype, environment and their interaction (G × E) to key performance traits remain insufficiently resolved. This study evaluated six maize cultivars across 11 organically managed environments (location × year combinations) in Poland, assessing weed infestation, plant height, fresh matter yield, dry matter content and dry matter yield. Genotype × environment interaction was explicitly analyzed using AMMI-based models, and cultivar adaptability and stability were evaluated using complementary indices. Environmental effects consistently dominated all traits, explaining 78–91% of total variation, while G × E interactions, though smaller, were significant and altered cultivar rankings. Weed infestation ranged widely across environments, from below 10% to over 90%, and was almost entirely environment-driven. Yield-related traits followed a strong precipitation gradient, with Pawłowice and Śrem showing the highest biomass potential. SM Perseus produced the greatest dry matter yields (13.53 t·ha−1), whereas SM Mieszko combined high dry matter content (37.73%) with outstanding stability. Mega-environment analysis identified distinct adaptive niches, confirming that no genotype performed consistently best across all conditions. These findings close a key knowledge gap regarding cultivar performance under organic management and demonstrate the necessity of multi-environment evaluation that integrates performance, stability and adaptability analyses to support site-specific cultivar recommendations that enhance biomass productivity and silage quality in ecologically managed maize systems.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental effects consistently dominated all traits of silage maize, explaining 78–91% of total variation.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Environmental effects consistently dominated all traits, explaining 78–91% of total variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype × environment interactions were smaller than environmental effects but significant and altered cultivar rankings.
- Outcome
- altered cultivar rankingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“G × E interactions, though smaller, were significant and altered cultivar rankings”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed infestation ranged widely across the organic environments, from below 10% to over 90%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Weed infestation ranged widely across environments, from below 10% to over 90%”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed infestation was almost entirely environment-driven.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Weed infestation ranged widely across environments, from below 10% to over 90%, and was almost entirely environment-driven”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield-related traits followed a strong precipitation gradient.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Yield-related traits followed a strong precipitation gradient”
Claim · model-written summary
Pawłowice and Śrem showed the highest biomass potential.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“with Pawłowice and Śrem showing the highest biomass potential”
Claim · model-written summary
SM Perseus produced the greatest dry matter yields, 13.53 t·ha−1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“SM Perseus produced the greatest dry matter yields (13.53 t·ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
SM Mieszko had high dry matter content, 37.73%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“SM Mieszko combined high dry matter content (37.73%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SM Mieszko showed outstanding stability.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“SM Mieszko combined high dry matter content (37.73%) with outstanding stability”
Claim · model-written summary
Mega-environment analysis identified distinct adaptive niches.
- Outcome
- distinct adaptive nichese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Mega-environment analysis identified distinct adaptive niches”
Claim · model-written summary
No genotype performed consistently best across all conditions.
- Outcome
- no genotype performed consistently best across all conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“no genotype performed consistently best across all conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Multi-environment evaluation integrating performance, stability and adaptability analyses is necessary to support site-specific cultivar recommendations.
- Outcome
- multi-environment evaluatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“demonstrate the necessity of multi-environment evaluation that integrates performance, stability and adaptability analyses”