Abstract
The betalain biosynthesis system ( RUBY ) exhibits a stable cross-species coloration advantage in plant genetic transformation. As a visually detectable genetic marker (visible to the naked eye), the color marker holds enormous application potential in positive selection of transgenic plants, identification of hybrids between different plant varieties, haploid selection, and other research. However, when applying the RUBY to plant-microbe interaction research, it is necessary to clarify whether the biosynthesis of betalain and its accumulation in plant tissues and organs alter the plant-microbe interaction processes, including symbiotic or antagonistic relationships. In this study, RUBY transgenic soybean was created. There were no significant differences in nodule number, fresh weight, and dry weight of nodule between the RUBY transgenic line and wildtype soybean after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum . The biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain did not affect the infection and colonization of rhizobia. The RUBY transgenic line and wildtype soybean were inoculated with Phomopsis longicolla . The results showed that the biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain did not alter the infection and spread of P. longicolla . In field experiments, investigations found that the number of adult brown planthoppers and their eggs attached to the leaves of the RUBY transgenic line was extremely significantly lower than that of the wildtype soybean. This indicates that betalain accumulation may endow soybean with a repellent effect against herbivorous insects. This work revealed that the heterologous biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain in soybean neither affect the nodulation ability of soybean with rhizobia, nor interfere with the infection of soybean by pathogenic bacteria, but also reduce the damage caused by brown planthoppers to soybean. Analysis of the field investigation data on agronomic traits indicated that transgenic soybeans with low betalain content, exerted no adverse effects. In contrast, the transgenic soybean with high betalain content, exhibited negative impacts on node number on main stem, plant height, and yield.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The RUBY transgenic soybean line did not differ from wildtype in nodule number, fresh weight or dry weight after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- RUBY transgenic linee0
- Treatment
- inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicume0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium japonicume0symbiont - Outcome
- nodule number, fresh weight, and dry weight of nodulee0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- wildtype soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain”
e0“There were no significant differences in nodule number, fresh weight, and dry weight of nodule between the RUBY transgenic line and wildtype soybean after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Betalain biosynthesis and accumulation did not affect the infection and colonization of soybean by rhizobia.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- biosynthesis and accumulation of betalaine1
- Interactor
- rhizobiae1symbiont
- Outcome
- infection and colonization of rhizobiae1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain”
e1“The biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain did not affect the infection and colonization of rhizobia”
Claim · model-written summary
Betalain biosynthesis and accumulation did not alter the infection and spread of Phomopsis longicolla in soybean compared with wildtype.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- biosynthesis and accumulation of betalaine3
- Interactor
- Phomopsis longicollae2pathogen
- Outcome
- infection and spreade3
- Direction
- did not altere3
- Comparator
- wildtype soybeane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain”
e2“The RUBY transgenic line and wildtype soybean were inoculated with Phomopsis longicolla”
e3“The results showed that the biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain did not alter the infection and spread of P. longicolla”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult brown planthoppers and their eggs on the leaves of the RUBY transgenic line were significantly fewer than on wildtype soybean in field experiments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- RUBY transgenic linee4
- Treatment
- RUBY transgenic linee4
- Interactor
- brown planthoppers
Nilaparvata lugense4pest - Outcome
- number of adult brown planthoppers and their eggs attached to the leavese4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- wildtype soybeane4
- Setting
- field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain”
e4“In field experiments, investigations found that the number of adult brown planthoppers and their eggs attached to the leaves of the RUBY transgenic line was extremely significantly lower than that of the wildtype soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Betalain accumulation may give soybean a repellent effect against herbivorous insects.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- betalain accumulatione5
- Interactor
- herbivorous insectse5herbivore
- Outcome
- repellent effecte5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain”
e5“This indicates that betalain accumulation may endow soybean with a repellent effect against herbivorous insects”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic soybeans with low betalain content had no adverse effects on agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- transgenic soybeans with low betalain contente6
- Treatment
- low betalain contente6
- Outcome
- agronomic traitse6
- Direction
- no adverse effectse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain”
e6“Analysis of the field investigation data on agronomic traits indicated that transgenic soybeans with low betalain content, exerted no adverse effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic soybean with high betalain content had negative impacts on node number on main stem, plant height and yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- high betalain contente7
- Outcome
- node number on main stem, plant height, and yielde7
- Direction
- negative impactse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain”
e7“In contrast, the transgenic soybean with high betalain content, exhibited negative impacts on node number on main stem, plant height, and yield”