Abstract
ABSTRACT The grass species Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Bromus sterilis L. are abundant and dominant weeds in European winter wheat fields. They cause significant yield losses and impede grain harvest. Many populations of these grass weeds are resistant to one or more herbicide modes of action in Europe. Therefore, additional non‐chemical control measures are needed to suppress these weed species. In this study, grass weed panicle cutting, chaff milling and a combination of both treatments were examined as potential control measures to reduce the entry of grass weed seeds into the soil seed bank. An untreated control and a standard herbicide application served as control treatments. Five field trials in winter wheat were carried out in 2023/2024, two with A. myosuroides at the University of Hohenheim (UHOH, Germany) and the Julius Kühn‐Institute (JKI, Germany), two with L. multiflorum at UHOH and Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture (LfL, Germany) and one with B. sterilis at the Czech University of Life Sciences (CZU, Czech Republic). For the cutting treatment, panicles of the three grass weeds were cut closely above the winter wheat canopy and removed from the field two times during the vegetation period. As part of the second treatment, winter wheat chaff was collected during or after harvest and processed after harvest with a stationary impact mill. Herbicide efficacy, grass weed panicle density, grass weed seed density and seed germination rate were measured for each treatment. Grain yield was assessed at the time of winter wheat harvest. Cutting above the wheat canopy reduced panicle density of A. myosuroides on average by 22%, B. sterilis by 47% and L. multiflorum panicle density by 63%. At the second date of cutting, almost all panicles of B. sterilis were below the wheat canopy. Therefore, only one cut was performed in the field trials at CZU. Post‐harvest milling destroyed on average 39% of the A. myosuroides seeds, 78% of the L. multiflorum seeds and 90% of the B. sterilis seeds in the chaff fraction. However, these grass weeds retain only 40%–60% of their seeds on the panicles until harvest, which impedes the efficacy of the treatments. Therefore, the combination of cutting and milling led to a reduction in weed seed density of only 10% for A. myosuroides , 63% for B. sterilis and 85% for L. multiflorum . In conclusion, panicle cutting and chaff milling constitute effective strategies for long‐term population control of L. multiflorum . The data of a single, non‐repeated study show that B. sterilis weed seed return can also be reduced with panicle cutting and chaff milling. However, both treatments did not decrease weed competition and yield losses in the year of treatment. Therefore, these measures need to be combined with other preventive and direct weed control measures.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cutting reduced A. myosuroides panicle density by 22%.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Cutting above the wheat canopye0
- Interactor
- A. myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroidese0weed - Outcome
- panicle densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cutting above the wheat canopy reduced panicle density of A. myosuroides on average by 22%”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cutting reduced B. sterilis panicle density by 47%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- B. sterilis
Bromus sterilise0weed - Outcome
- B. sterilise0
- Value
- 47%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. sterilis by 47%”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cutting reduced L. multiflorum panicle density by 63%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- L. multiflorum
Lolium multiflorume0weed - Outcome
- panicle densitye0
- Value
- 63%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L. multiflorum panicle density by 63%”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Most B. sterilis panicles were below the wheat canopy at the second cutting.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- B. sterilisBromus sterilise0weed
- Outcome
- panicles of B. sterilise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the second date of cutting, almost all panicles of B. sterilis were below the wheat canopy.”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Milling destroyed 39% of A. myosuroides seeds in chaff.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Post‐harvest millinge0
- Interactor
- A. myosuroidesAlopecurus myosuroidese0weed
- Outcome
- A. myosuroides seedse0
- Direction
- destroyede0
- Value
- 39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Post‐harvest milling destroyed on average 39% of the A. myosuroides seeds”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Milling destroyed 78% of L. multiflorum seeds in chaff.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- L. multiflorumLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- L. multiflorum seedse0
- Value
- 78%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“78% of the L. multiflorum seeds”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Milling destroyed 90% of B. sterilis seeds in chaff.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- B. sterilisBromus sterilise0weed
- Outcome
- B. sterilis seedse0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“90% of the B. sterilis seeds”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass weeds retained 40%–60% of seeds on panicles until harvest.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- seeds on the paniclese0
- Value
- 40%–60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these grass weeds retain only 40%–60% of their seeds on the panicles until harvest”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined cutting and milling reduced A. myosuroides seed density by 10%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- A. myosuroidesAlopecurus myosuroidese0weed
- Outcome
- weed seed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in weed seed density of only 10% for A. myosuroides”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined cutting and milling reduced B. sterilis seed density by 63%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- B. sterilisBromus sterilise0weed
- Outcome
- B. sterilise0
- Value
- 63%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“63% for B. sterilis”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined cutting and milling reduced L. multiflorum seed density by 85%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- L. multiflorumLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- L. multiflorume0
- Value
- 85%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“85% for L. multiflorum”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments did not decrease weed competition or wheat yield losses in the treatment year.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- both treatmentse0
- Outcome
- weed competition and yield lossese0
- Direction
- did not decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both treatments did not decrease weed competition and yield losses in the year of treatment”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend combining these measures with other weed control measures.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- combined with other preventive and direct weed control measurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these measures need to be combined with other preventive and direct weed control measures”
t0“Impact of Panicle Cutting and Chaff Milling on the Panicle and Seed Density of Three Grass Weeds and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat”