Abstract
Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi, has emerged as an important foliar disease affecting sorghum production in humid and warm regions. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence, incidence, severity, and spatial distribution of zonate leaf spot in major sorghum-growing areas of Uttarakhand and adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh during two consecutive Kharif seasons (2021 and 2022). Field surveys were carried out across 62 villages covering nine districts of Uttarakhand and three districts of Uttar Pradesh. Disease incidence and severity were recorded following standard survey procedures, and severity was assessed using a 1–9 disease rating scale. During 2021, disease incidence and severity ranged from 10.0 to 88.0% and 5.12 to 83.33%, respectively, while in 2022, they ranged from 13.0 to 88.0% and 6.14 to 86.50%. The highest disease incidence and severity were consistently recorded in Pantnagar and Khatima of Udham Singh Nagar district, whereas the lowest were observed in Kiri Gaon of Pithoragarh district. One village, Devkatiya, remained free from zonate leaf spot during both years. Pooled analysis revealed that Udham Singh Nagar district recorded the highest mean disease incidence (78.94%) and severity (65.75%), while Pithoragarh district recorded the lowest mean incidence (5.75%) and severity (2.81%). Out of 62 surveyed fields, 61 were infected, indicating a high disease prevalence of 98.38%. The widespread occurrence and high prevalence of zonate leaf spot highlight its increasing importance as a major constraint to sorghum production. Variations in disease intensity across locations were influenced by agro-climatic conditions, crop variety, cultural practices, and microclimatic factors. The findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and the development of effective, location-specific disease management strategies.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, sorghum disease incidence ranged from 10.0 to 88.0%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Value
- 10.0 to 88.0%e0
- Qualifier
- During 2021e0
SorghumNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2021, disease incidence and severity ranged from 10.0 to 88.0% and 5.12 to 83.33%, respectively”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, sorghum disease severity ranged from 5.12 to 83.33%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence and severitye0
- Value
- 5.12 to 83.33%e0
- Qualifier
- During 2021e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2021, disease incidence and severity ranged from 10.0 to 88.0% and 5.12 to 83.33%, respectively”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, sorghum disease incidence ranged from 13.0 to 88.0%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Zonate leaf spote1
- Value
- 13.0 to 88.0%e0
- Qualifier
- in 2022e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 2022, they ranged from 13.0 to 88.0% and 6.14 to 86.50%”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, sorghum disease severity ranged from 6.14 to 86.50%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Zonate leaf spote1
- Value
- 6.14 to 86.50%e0
- Qualifier
- in 2022e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 2022, they ranged from 13.0 to 88.0% and 6.14 to 86.50%”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
Pantnagar and Khatima had the highest disease incidence and severity.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence and severitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- Pantnagar and Khatima of Udham Singh Nagar districte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest disease incidence and severity were consistently recorded in Pantnagar and Khatima of Udham Singh Nagar district”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
Kiri Gaon had the lowest disease incidence and severity.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence and severitye2
- Direction
- loweste0
- Setting
- Kiri Gaon of Pithoragarh districte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest were observed in Kiri Gaon of Pithoragarh district”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
e2“disease incidence and severity were consistently recorded”
Claim · model-written summary
Devkatiya was free from zonate leaf spot in both years.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- remained free from zonate leaf spote0
- Setting
- Devkatiyae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One village, Devkatiya, remained free from zonate leaf spot during both years.”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
Udham Singh Nagar had the highest mean disease incidence, 78.94%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- mean disease incidencee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 78.94%e0
- Setting
- Udham Singh Nagar districte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Udham Singh Nagar district recorded the highest mean disease incidence (78.94%) and severity (65.75%)”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
Udham Singh Nagar had the highest mean disease severity, 65.75%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 65.75%e0
- Setting
- Udham Singh Nagar districte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Udham Singh Nagar district recorded the highest mean disease incidence (78.94%) and severity (65.75%)”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
Pithoragarh had the lowest mean disease incidence, 5.75%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- mean incidencee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 5.75%e0
- Setting
- Pithoragarh districte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pithoragarh district recorded the lowest mean incidence (5.75%) and severity (2.81%)”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
Pithoragarh had the lowest mean disease severity, 2.81%.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 2.81%e0
- Setting
- Pithoragarh districte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pithoragarh district recorded the lowest mean incidence (5.75%) and severity (2.81%)”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
Of 62 sorghum fields, 61 were infected, giving 98.38% prevalence.
- Interactor
- Microdochium sorghiMicrodochium sorghie1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease prevalencee0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 98.38%e0
- Qualifier
- Out of 62 surveyed fields, 61 were infectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Out of 62 surveyed fields, 61 were infected, indicating a high disease prevalence of 98.38%.”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute geographic variation in disease intensity to climate, variety, practices, and microclimate.
- Outcome
- Variations in disease intensitye0
- Qualifier
- agro-climatic conditions, crop variety, cultural practices, and microclimatic factorse0
- Setting
- across locationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variations in disease intensity across locations were influenced by agro-climatic conditions, crop variety, cultural practices, and microclimatic factors.”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend continuous monitoring and location-specific disease management.
- Outcome
- continuous monitoring and the development of effective, location-specific disease management strategiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and the development of effective, location-specific disease management strategies.”
e1“Zonate leaf spot of sorghum, caused by Microdochium sorghi”