Abstract
Arable herbs rank among Europe’s most endangered species groups, calling for active conservation efforts to prevent their extinction. However, wild populations often cannot supply enough seeds for sustainable propagation, requiring seeds from botanical gardens or commercial producers instead. Yet, such ex situ plant populations can exhibit signs of significantly reduced long-term fitness, including increased germination rate and reduced dormancy. We studied eight arable herbs with respect to changes in their germination behavior under ex situ conservation and cultivation. We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers. Germination tests were divided into two temperature regimes simulating sowing in autumn and spring. Our results show that four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate. Two species (Agrostemma githago and Silene noctiflora) showed increased germination rate in non-wild populations, and another two (Ranunculus arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris) behaved in the opposite way, showing increased dormancy and reduced germination rate in non-wild populations. These findings highlight the importance of preserving trait variability in ex situ populations and should be taken into account when planning restoration measures for segetal flora.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management reduced seed dormancy in Bupleurum rotundifolium.
- Taxon
- Bupleurum rotundifolium
Bupleurum rotundifoliume1 - Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- dormancye1
- Direction
- reducee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management increased seed germination rate in Bupleurum rotundifolium.
- Taxon
- Bupleurum rotundifoliumBupleurum rotundifoliume1
- Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management reduced seed dormancy in Cota tinctoria.
- Taxon
- Cota tinctoria
Cota tinctoriae1 - Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- dormancye1
- Direction
- reducee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management increased seed germination rate in Cota tinctoria.
- Taxon
- Cota tinctoriaCota tinctoriae1
- Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management reduced seed dormancy in Legousia speculum-veneris.
- Taxon
- Legousia speculum-veneris
Legousia speculum-venerise1 - Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- dormancye1
- Direction
- reducee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management increased seed germination rate in Legousia speculum-veneris.
- Taxon
- Legousia speculum-venerisLegousia speculum-venerise1
- Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management reduced seed dormancy in Petrorhagia prolifera.
- Taxon
- Petrorhagia prolifera
Petrorhagia proliferae1 - Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- dormancye1
- Direction
- reducee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation and cultivation management increased seed germination rate in Petrorhagia prolifera.
- Taxon
- Petrorhagia proliferaPetrorhagia proliferae1
- Treatment
- conservation and cultivation managemente1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“four species (Bupleurum rotundifolium, Cota tinctoria, Legousia speculum-veneris and Petrorhagia prolifera) confirm the assumption that conservation and cultivation management reduce dormancy and increase germination rate”
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-wild populations of Agrostemma githago showed increased germination rate.
- Taxon
- Agrostemma githago
Agrostemma githagoe3 - Treatment
- non-wild populationse3
- Outcome
- germination ratee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
e3“Two species (Agrostemma githago and Silene noctiflora) showed increased germination rate in non-wild populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-wild populations of Silene noctiflora showed increased germination rate.
- Taxon
- Silene noctiflora
Silene noctiflorae3 - Treatment
- non-wild populationse3
- Outcome
- germination ratee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
e3“Two species (Agrostemma githago and Silene noctiflora) showed increased germination rate in non-wild populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-wild populations of Ranunculus arvensis showed increased dormancy.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus arvensis
Ranunculus arvensise4 - Treatment
- non-wild populationse4
- Outcome
- dormancye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
e4“another two (Ranunculus arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris) behaved in the opposite way, showing increased dormancy and reduced germination rate in non-wild populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-wild populations of Ranunculus arvensis showed reduced germination rate.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus arvensisRanunculus arvensise4
- Treatment
- non-wild populationse4
- Outcome
- germination ratee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
e4“another two (Ranunculus arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris) behaved in the opposite way, showing increased dormancy and reduced germination rate in non-wild populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-wild populations of Scandix pecten-veneris showed increased dormancy.
- Taxon
- Scandix pecten-veneris
Scandix pecten-venerise4 - Treatment
- non-wild populationse4
- Outcome
- dormancye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
e4“another two (Ranunculus arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris) behaved in the opposite way, showing increased dormancy and reduced germination rate in non-wild populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-wild populations of Scandix pecten-veneris showed reduced germination rate.
- Taxon
- Scandix pecten-venerisScandix pecten-venerise4
- Treatment
- non-wild populationse4
- Outcome
- germination ratee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- wilde2
- Setting
- climate chamberse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“We conducted germination experiments with seeds of different origins (wild, conservation, cultivation) in climate chambers”
e4“another two (Ranunculus arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris) behaved in the opposite way, showing increased dormancy and reduced germination rate in non-wild populations”