Abstract
Plants in high latitude regions frequently experience cold stress, which strongly constrains plant growth and development. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form beneficial symbiotic relationships with plants, their role in mediating anatomical adaptations under different temperature regimes remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated how inoculation with the AMF Funneliformis mosseae influences anatomical responses in Hordeum jubatum under contrasting temperature conditions using detailed microscopic analysis. Under normal temperature conditions, AMF inoculation promoted significant improvements in plant anatomical structures. Stomatal dimensions including length, width and area showed marked increases alongside elevated stomatal density. Leaf tissues exhibited enhanced development, particularly in vascular and epidermal components, while root systems displayed an expanded radius, greater cortical thickness and larger metaxylem area. These coordinated modifications demonstrated a comprehensive optimization throughout the root-leaf continuum. In contrast, under cold stress conditions, the positive effects of fungal inoculation were substantially diminished. Although a few traits, such as abaxial epidermal thickness and root cortical cell area, showed partial improvement, most anatomical parameters exhibited minimal responses to fungal treatments at low temperatures. This pronounced contrast between temperature regimes highlights the limited capacity of this single fungal strain to support anatomical adaptations under cold stress. These findings provide important insights into plant-microbe interactions under challenging environmental conditions and demonstrate that AMF-mediated benefits are strongly temperature dependent. Our work advances the understanding of the contextual nature of plant-AMF relationships and offers valuable anatomical perspectives for developing improved strategies to enhance plant resilience in cold-climate ecosystems.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
At normal temperature, AMF inoculation increased stomatal length, width and area.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatum
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum jubatumt0 - Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaet0symbiont - Outcome
- Stomatal dimensions including length, width and areae0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- normal temperature conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“Under normal temperature conditions, AMF inoculation promoted significant improvements in plant anatomical structures. Stomatal dimensions including length, width and area showed marked increases”
Claim · model-written summary
At normal temperature, AMF inoculation increased stomatal density.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatumt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaet0symbiont
- Outcome
- stomatal densitye0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“Stomatal dimensions including length, width and area showed marked increases alongside elevated stomatal density.”
e1“AMF inoculation promoted significant improvements”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enhanced vascular and epidermal leaf tissue development at normal temperature.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatumt0
- Treatment
- Funneliformis mosseaet0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaet0symbiont
- Outcome
- Leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“Leaf tissues exhibited enhanced development, particularly in vascular and epidermal components”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased root radius, cortical thickness and metaxylem area at normal temperature.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatumt0
- Treatment
- Funneliformis mosseaet0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaet0symbiont
- Outcome
- radius, greater cortical thickness and larger metaxylem areae0
- Direction
- expandede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“root systems displayed an expanded radius, greater cortical thickness and larger metaxylem area.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cold stress, positive anatomical effects of fungal inoculation were diminished.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatumt0
- Treatment
- fungal inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaet0symbiont
- Outcome
- positive effectse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Qualifier
- cold stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“under cold stress conditions, the positive effects of fungal inoculation were substantially diminished.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cold stress, inoculation partly improved abaxial epidermal thickness.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatumt0
- Treatment
- Funneliformis mosseaet0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaet0symbiont
- Outcome
- abaxial epidermal thicknesse0
- Direction
- partial improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“abaxial epidermal thickness and root cortical cell area, showed partial improvement”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cold stress, inoculation partly improved root cortical cell area.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatumt0
- Treatment
- Funneliformis mosseaet0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaet0symbiont
- Outcome
- root cortical cell areae0
- Direction
- partial improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“abaxial epidermal thickness and root cortical cell area, showed partial improvement”
Claim · model-written summary
Most anatomical parameters responded minimally to fungal treatment at low temperature.
- Taxon
- Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatumt0
- Treatment
- fungal treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaet0symbiont
- Outcome
- anatomical parameterse0
- Direction
- minimal responsese0
- Qualifier
- low temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum”
e0“most anatomical parameters exhibited minimal responses to fungal treatments at low temperatures.”