Abstract
LED-enhanced sticky traps improve monitoring of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), but their effects on its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), are unclear, which may compromise biological control. Methods: We quantified E. formosa visual responses in climate-chamber multiple-choice arenas using six LED colors at equal photon flux (8.1 μmol m−2 s−1) and in greenhouse choice/no-choice assays comparing a standard yellow sticky trap with a green LED-enhanced yellow trap, with and without host-infested tomato leaves. We further tested modified LED traps (green LEDs with white or green backgrounds) and assessed intensity-dependent responses (18.0–25.6 μmol m−2 s−1). Results: E. formosa showed the highest attraction to green LEDs (peak ≈ 521–524 nm) and a significantly lower response to other colors. In greenhouse assays, E. formosa preferred the standard yellow sticky trap over the LED-enhanced yellow trap; in no-choice tests, only 9% were recaptured on the LED-enhanced yellow trap, both without and with hosts. Modified traps with white or green backgrounds substantially increased E. formosa recapture (≈54% higher than the yellow-background LED trap). Encarsia formosa attraction to the white-background LED trap declined with increasing intensity (61% at 18.0 to 4% at 25.6 μmol m−2 s−1), whereas whitefly captures were stable to slightly higher. Conclusions: The standard LED-enhanced yellow trap is compatible with E. formosa releases and does not disrupt biocontrol. Modified LED traps show promise for simultaneous monitoring of E. formosa and whiteflies, warranting validation under commercial conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Encarsia formosa showed the highest attraction to green LEDs, significantly more than to other colours.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- green LEDse2
- Interactor
- E. formosa
Encarsia formosae2biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- attractione2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Qualifier
- peak ≈ 521–524 nme2
- Comparator
- other colorse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e2“E. formosa showed the highest attraction to green LEDs (peak ≈ 521–524 nm) and a significantly lower response to other colors”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse assays, Encarsia formosa preferred the standard yellow sticky trap over the LED-enhanced yellow trap.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- standard yellow sticky trape3
- Interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- E. formosa preferrede3
- Direction
- preferrede3
- Comparator
- LED-enhanced yellow trape3
- Setting
- greenhouse assayse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e3“In greenhouse assays, E. formosa preferred the standard yellow sticky trap over the LED-enhanced yellow trap”
Claim · model-written summary
In no-choice tests, only 9 % of Encarsia formosa were recaptured on the LED-enhanced yellow trap, with and without hosts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- recapturede4
- Value
- 9%e4
- Setting
- no-choice testse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e2“E. formosa showed the highest attraction to green LEDs (peak ≈ 521–524 nm) and a significantly lower response to other colors”
e4“in no-choice tests, only 9% were recaptured on the LED-enhanced yellow trap, both without and with hosts”
Claim · model-written summary
Modified traps with white or green backgrounds increased Encarsia formosa recapture by about 54 % over the yellow-background LED trap.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Modified traps with white or green backgroundse6
- Interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- E. formosa recapturee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 54%e6
- Comparator
- yellow-background LED trape6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e6“Modified traps with white or green backgrounds substantially increased E. formosa recapture (≈54% higher than the yellow-background LED trap)”
Claim · model-written summary
Encarsia formosa attraction to the white-background LED trap declined with increasing light intensity, from 61 % at 18.0 to 4 % at 25.6 μmol m−2 s−1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- increasing intensitye7
- Interactor
- Encarsia formosaEncarsia formosae7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- attractione7
- Direction
- declinede7
- Value
- 61% at 18.0 to 4% at 25.6 μmol m−2 s−1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e7“Encarsia formosa attraction to the white-background LED trap declined with increasing intensity (61% at 18.0 to 4% at 25.6 μmol m−2 s−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly captures were stable to slightly higher with increasing light intensity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- increasing intensitye2
- Interactor
- whiteflye3pest
- Outcome
- whitefly capturese3
- Direction
- stable to slightly highere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e2“Encarsia formosa attraction to the white-background LED trap declined with increasing intensity (61% at 18.0 to 4% at 25.6 μmol m−2 s−1)”
e3“whereas whitefly captures were stable to slightly higher”
Claim · model-written summary
The standard LED-enhanced yellow trap is compatible with Encarsia formosa releases and does not disrupt biocontrol.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- compatible with E. formosa releasese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e2“The standard LED-enhanced yellow trap is compatible with E. formosa releases and does not disrupt biocontrol”
Claim · model-written summary
Modified LED traps show promise for simultaneous monitoring of Encarsia formosa and whiteflies, warranting validation under commercial conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- simultaneous monitoring of E. formosa and whitefliese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with and without host-infested tomato leaves”
e2“Modified LED traps show promise for simultaneous monitoring of E. formosa and whiteflies, warranting validation under commercial conditions”
The same questions in other papers
light · Encarsia formosa · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
trap barrier · Encarsia formosa · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.