Abstract
Bread wheat is a major food and industrial crop in Ethiopia, and its productivity under irrigation influenced by appropriate nitrogen and seed rate. However, information on the optimum rate of nitrogen and seed rates for bread wheat under irrigation is limited in the study areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the optimum nitrogen and seed rates for bread wheat under irrigation conditions at Metema (Metema research station) during 2021 and 2022 and at Belesa (on-farm) in 2022. The experiment consisted of four N rates (0, 92,184, and 276 kg ha− 1) and four seed rates (75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha− 1) arranged in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Growth parameters, yield components, and yield were measured and analyzed using SAS. The results showed that growth and yield components parameters were increased with increasing nitrogen rate up to 276 kg ha− 1 in both locations. The interaction between seed and nitrogen rates was significant for spike length, grain yield, straw yield, and biomass yield, whereas non-significant for other parameters at Metema. The combined interaction results of 276 kg N ha–1 with 225 kg ha–1 seed rate gave the highest grain yield (5178 kg ha− 1), while the lowest grain yield (1250 kg ha− 1) was obtained at the control plot and 150 kg ha–1 seed rates in Metema. At the Belesa district, the highest grain yield (3066 kg ha–1) of bread wheat was obtained at main effect of 276 kg N·ha− 1 and 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate. However, the lowest grain yield (678 kg ha–1) and (1395 kg ha–1) of bread, wheat was recorded from the control and the main effect of 75 kg ha− 1 seed rate. On the other hand, the partial budget analysis also showed that the highest net benefit was achieved at 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate followed by 184 N kg ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate in Metema. The highest net benefit in Belesa also found at 184 N kg ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate followed by 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate. Therefore, a 184 kg ha–1 nitrogen rate with 225 kg ha–1 seed rate as the primary option and, 184 kg N ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary option recommended for cultivating wheat in the under irrigation at Metema and similar agroecologies. For Belesa and similar areas, 184 kg N ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate as the primary option, and 184 kg N ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary option is recommended in bread wheat production under irrigation condition. Future research shold evaluated the economic profitability, nitrogen use efficiency, and environmental impact of nitrogen application across different soil types.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Growth and yield components increased with nitrogen rate up to 276 kg ha− 1 in both locations.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- increasing nitrogen rate up to 276 kg ha− 1e0
- Outcome
- growth and yield components parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both locationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that growth and yield components parameters were increased with increasing nitrogen rate up to 276 kg ha− 1 in both locations.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed and nitrogen rates interacted significantly for spike length, grain yield, straw yield and biomass yield at Metema.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed and nitrogen ratese0
- Outcome
- spike length, grain yield, straw yield, and biomass yielde0
- Setting
- Metemae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between seed and nitrogen rates was significant for spike length, grain yield, straw yield, and biomass yield, whereas non-significant for other parameters at Metema.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed and nitrogen rate interaction was not significant for other parameters at Metema.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed and nitrogen ratese0
- Outcome
- other parameterse0
- Setting
- Metemae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between seed and nitrogen rates was significant for spike length, grain yield, straw yield, and biomass yield, whereas non-significant for other parameters at Metema.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Metema, 276 kg N ha–1 with 225 kg ha–1 seed rate gave the highest grain yield, 5178 kg ha− 1.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 276 kg N ha–1 with 225 kg ha–1 seed ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5178 kg ha− 1e0
- Setting
- Metemae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined interaction results of 276 kg N ha–1 with 225 kg ha–1 seed rate gave the highest grain yield (5178 kg ha− 1)”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The interaction between seed and nitrogen rates was significant for spike length, grain yield, straw yield, and biomass yield, whereas non-significant for other parameters at Metema.”
Claim · model-written summary
The control plot with 150 kg ha–1 seed rate had the lowest grain yield, 1250 kg ha− 1, at Metema.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- control plot and 150 kg ha–1 seed ratese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1250 kg ha− 1e0
- Setting
- Metemae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest grain yield (1250 kg ha− 1) was obtained at the control plot and 150 kg ha–1 seed rates in Metema”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Belesa, the main effects of 276 kg N·ha− 1 and 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate gave the highest grain yield, 3066 kg ha–1.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 276 kg N·ha− 1 and 300 kg ha− 1 seed ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3066 kg ha–1e0
- Setting
- Belesa districte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the Belesa district, the highest grain yield (3066 kg ha–1) of bread wheat was obtained at main effect of 276 kg N·ha− 1 and 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Belesa, the control gave a grain yield of 678 kg ha–1.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 678 kg ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest grain yield (678 kg ha–1) and (1395 kg ha–1) of bread, wheat was recorded from the control and the main effect of 75 kg ha− 1 seed rate”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Belesa, 75 kg ha− 1 seed rate gave a grain yield of 1395 kg ha–1.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 75 kg ha− 1 seed ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1395 kg ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest grain yield (678 kg ha–1) and (1395 kg ha–1) of bread, wheat was recorded from the control and the main effect of 75 kg ha− 1 seed rate”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Metema, 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate achieved the highest net benefit.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed ratee0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- Metemae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest net benefit was achieved at 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate followed by 184 N kg ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate in Metema”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Metema, 184 N kg ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate ranked second for net benefit.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 184 N kg ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed ratee0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Setting
- Metemae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest net benefit was achieved at 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate followed by 184 N kg ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate in Metema”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Belesa, 184 N kg ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate gave the highest net benefit.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 184 N kg ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed ratee0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- Belesae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest net benefit in Belesa also found at 184 N kg ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate followed by 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At Belesa, 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate ranked second for net benefit.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed ratee0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Setting
- Belesae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest net benefit in Belesa also found at 184 N kg ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate followed by 184 N kg ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 184 kg ha–1 nitrogen with 225 kg ha–1 seed as the primary irrigated wheat option at Metema.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 184 kg ha–1 nitrogen rate with 225 kg ha–1 seed rate as the primary optione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 184 kg ha–1 nitrogen rate with 225 kg ha–1 seed rate as the primary option and, 184 kg N ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary option recommended for cultivating wheat in the under irrigation at Metema and similar agroecologies”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 184 kg N ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed as the secondary irrigated wheat option at Metema.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 184 kg N ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary optione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 184 kg ha–1 nitrogen rate with 225 kg ha–1 seed rate as the primary option and, 184 kg N ha− 1 with 150 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary option recommended for cultivating wheat in the under irrigation at Metema and similar agroecologies”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 184 kg N ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed as the primary option at Belesa.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 184 kg N ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate as the primary optione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Belesa and similar areas, 184 kg N ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate as the primary option, and 184 kg N ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary option is recommended in bread wheat production under irrigation condition”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 184 kg N ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed as the secondary option at Belesa.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 184 kg N ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary optione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Belesa and similar areas, 184 kg N ha− 1 with 300 kg ha− 1 seed rate as the primary option, and 184 kg N ha− 1 with 225 kg ha− 1 seed rate as a secondary option is recommended in bread wheat production under irrigation condition”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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